History of Architecture Final Exam Chapters 15 and 16

What is Neoclassicism

A reinterpretation of the principles of Classical architecture in the late 18th century and the 19th century, generally characterized by architectural elements of monumentality, colossal porticos, and columns with strict use of Greek and Roman orders.

Where was Neoclassicism popular?

Originated in Italy, but became popular in the US, England, France, and other places.

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

The Brandenburg Gate, Berlin Germany, Carl Gotthard Langhans, Neoclassical Gate

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

La Madeleine Church, Paris France, Pierre-Alexandre Vignon, Neoclassical

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

Arc de Triomphe, Paris France, Jean Chalgrin and Louis Etienne Hericart de Thury

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

Clarendon Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, Nicholas Hawksmoor,

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

United States Capitol, Washington D.C., William Thornton

Who is this?

Giovanni Piranesi

What was Giovanni Piranesi known for?

His large prints depicting the buildings of classical and postclassical Rome, contributing to the fame of Rome and its archeological importance.

His early print called the ‘Prisons’, that depicts ancient Roman or Baroque ruins converted into fantastic, visionary dungeons filled with mysterious scaffolding and instruments of torture

Additional works include “Le antichita romane’ (the ‘Roman Antiquities’) and his views of the Greek temples at Paestum.

Work, Artist, Importance

The Prisons, Giovanni Piranesi, Contributed to revitalizing interest in preserving and exploring ancient Rome

Work, Artist, Importance

The Prisons, Giovanni Piranesi, Contributed to revitalizing interest in preserving and exploring ancient Rome

Work, Artist, Importance

Carceri Prison V, Giovanni Piranesi

Social Context of the NeoClassical architectural Style

The French Revolution encouraged a universal approach to architecture which was designed to be accessible to all persons.

Architecture became the manner in which institutional modernization was physically expressed in the form of schools, hospitals, museums, prisons, and cemeteries.

Technical Context of the Neoclassical Architectural Style

The Industrial Revolution The economic influence of this approach was one of expedience in assembly and standardization in design and construction.

Creation of the Ecole de Polytechnique. The school, which mainly educated engineers, developed and promoted a philosophy of rational approach to architectural design.

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

The Place de la Concorde, Paris France, Ange-Jacques Gabriel,

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

The Pantheon in Paris, France, Jacques-Germain Soufflot and Jean-Baptiste Rondelet

Who is This?

Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand

What Was Durand known for?

Developed a system of design using simple modular elements anticipating the development of modern industrialized buildings components as an expression of rational geometry that did not make reference to styles or historical sources.

created a new formula towards architectural rationale: Economy, Simplicity, and Convenience

What are these?

Durand’s Universal Grids

Who is this?

Viollet-le-Duc

What was le Duc known for?

the restoration of many prominent medieval landmarks in France

The use of cast iron and large panes of glass led to the design of lightweight and transparent structures, referred to as the ‘ferrovitreous’ solution

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

The Crystal Palace, London England, Joseph Paxton, the first structure to be built entirely of industrially-made, pre-fabricated parts, Ferrovitreous

Who is this

Sir Williams Chambers

What was William Chambers Known for?

One of the leading Palladian Style Architects of his Day

Architectural tutor to future King George III

Wrote “A Treatise on Civil Architecture” that defined the use of classical architecture for public buildings

Name, Location, Architect

Somerset House, The Strand, London, England, Sir William Chambers

Who is this

Robert Adam

What was Robert Adam Known for?

one of the most important British Neoclassical architects

created an original style of architecture by combining and imitating rather than copying classical models

Name, Location, Architect

Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire, England, Robert Adam

Name, Location, Architect

Charlotte Square, Edinburgh, Scotland Robert Adam

Who is this?

Sir John Soane

What is Sir John Soane known for?

considered the greatest interpreter of English classicism and one of the most inventive European architects of his time.

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

The Bank of England, London, England, UK, Sir John Soane, used segmented arches, giving domes a graceful saucer shape, borrowed the idea of layered ceilings from Roman Baroque churches in order to diffuse daylight from central lanterns, and utilized Classical columns and caryatids

Name, Location, Architect

The Soane House, Holborn, London, England, UK, Sir John Soane

Who is this? Why is he important?

leading figure of the Greek Revival

Designed the first pure Greek Doric portico for any English country house at Osberton House, Notts

Name, Location, Architect

St. George’s Hospital, Hyde Park Corner, London, England, UK William Wilkins,

Name, Location, Architect

The National Gallery, London, England, UK, William Wilkins

Who is this? Why is he important?

Sir Robert Smirke

Designed the first public building in London to have a pure Greek Doric portico.

Name, Location, Architect

The British Museum, Bloomsbury, London, England, UK, Sir Robert Smirke

What Ideas did Neoclassicism convey?

rational language of classicism in the attempt to create an image of authority and justice

Who is this and why is he important?

Charles Bulfinch

first American architect to establish an architectural practice in America.

Name, Location, Architect

Massachusetts State House Building, Boston, Massachusetts, Charles Bulfinch

Who is this and Why is he important?

Benjamin Henry Latrobe

hired as the ‘Surveyor of Public Buildings’ by President Thomas Jefferson.

responsible for designing the Capitol’s south wing, provided work for the President’s House as well as the Navy Yard.

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

Bank of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Benjamin Henry Latrobe

the first Neoclassical building in America to display a Greek order AND with the incorporation of a dome over the rotunda of the building, he applied the first true masonry vault construction in America

Name, Location, Architect

United States Capitol, Washington, D.C. Benjamin Henry Latrobe

Who is this?

Thomas Jefferson, 3rd president of the united states

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

State Capitol of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, Thomas Jefferson, modeled after the Maison Carree

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia, Thomas Jefferson, Home of Thomas Jefferson

Name, Location, Architect

University of Virginia Rotunda, Charlottesville, Virginia, Thomas Jefferson

Who is this and Why is he important?

Pierre Charles L’Enfant

appointed by Washington to design the new federal capital on the Potomac River, influenced by Versailles and Baroque planning style

Who is this? Importance?

Benjamin Banneker

A free African American and son of an ex-slave who was called upon to assist in the surveying of territory for the construction of the nation's capital

Who is this and why is he important?

Andrew Ellicott

known as the ‘Geographer of the United States,’ establishing boundaries for Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, while laying out the city of Washington, Hired Banneker to assist

Who is this?

Robert Mills

One of the first American – born professional architects.

Name, Location, Architect

United States Department of Treasury Building, Washington, D.C. Robert Mills

Name, Location, Architect

Washington Monument, Washington, D.C. Robert Mills

What is Gothic Revivalism?

a conscious movement that began in England to revive Gothic forms, mostly in the second half of the 18th century and into the 19th century

architectural characteristics of Gothic Revivalism

Pointed arches and / or windows

Irregular appearance

Vertical emphasis

Variety of materials

Rich colors and extensive decoration

Dominant towers

Name, Location, Architect

Washington National Cathedral, Washington D.C., George Frederick Bodley and Philip Hubert Frohman

What is Humanism?

a rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion that affirms the dignity of each human being, supports the maximization of individual liberty and opportunity consonant with social and planetary responsibility, without the need for a higher power.

Who is he?

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

What was Goethe known for?

his essay, ‘On German Architecture.’, that championed Gothic style as a form of resistance to the Neoclassical movement in France.

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

Strasbourg Cathedral, Strasbourg, France, Erwin von Steinbach, Ulrich Ensingen, Johannes Hultz, Goethe singled out this cathedral as an example of German material genius in his essay

WHat is the Age Of Reason?

Any period in history, particularly the 18th century in France, England, etc., characterized by a critical approach to religious, social, and philosophical matters that seeks to repudiate beliefs or systems not based on or justifiable by reason

What is The Enlightenment?

A European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which the ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics

Who is he?

Augustus W.N. Pugin

Why was Pugin important?

He was a leading figure in the English Roman Catholic and Gothic Revivals

His work ‘Contrasts,’ argued the link between the quality and character of a society with the calibre of its architecture

Juxtaposed images of premodern and modern life to show the greater harmony of medieval cities, dominated by church institutions, compared to modern factory towns.

What was Pugin’s main belief?

only men of good moral character could design good works of art

the decline in the arts was a result of a spiritual decline occasioned by the English Reformation

Name, Location, Architect

The Metropolitan Cathedral Church and Basilica of Saint Chad, Birmingham, England, Augustus Pugin

Name, Location, Architect

The Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St. George, Archdiocese of Southwark, England, Augustus Pugin

What is a rood screen?

a structure which separates the alter in a church from the nave and it is encrusted with carved and painted decoration

What is this?

Rood Screen at Saint George’s Church, in Belfast, Northern Ireland designed by Edward Braddell

Who is this and what is he known for?

Sir Charles Berry

best known for his role in the rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster (the Houses of Parliament).

Name, Location, Architect

The Palace of Westminster, London, England, UK, Sir Charles Berry, architect

Name, Location, Architect, Designer

House of Lords, The Palace of Westminster, Sir Charles Berry, Augustus Pugin

Name, Location, Architect, Designer

House of Commons, The Palace of Westminster, Sir Charles Berry, Augustus Pugin

Name, Location, Architect

The Reform Club, London, England, UK, Sir Charles Berry

Name, Location, Architect, Style

Highclere Castle, Highclere, Hampshire, England, Sir Charles Berry and Capability Brown, Jacobean Revival

What was the goal of the Cambridge-Camden Society?

to promote Catholic ritual, proper church building and knowledgeable restoration

What was the publication for the Cambridge-Camden Society called and what did they write about?

“The Ecclesiologist” combined scholarly articles with trenchant criticism. The society was accused of conspiring to restore popery so it was dissolved and refounded as the “Ecclesiological Society”

Key Objective of the Ecclesiological Society

to restore the English churches back to their former glory, their best and purest style with preference given to restoring all to one style rather than preserving each part in its own form

What is the High Victorian Movement?

an eclectic architectural style and movement during the mid-19th century, from the 1850s to the 1870s, sometimes referred to as Ruskinian Gothic

Characteristics of the high victorian movement

characterized using polychrome decoration, varying use of material textures, and Gothic detailing, always executed in brick and stone.

Stone quoins, pressed brick, and terra cotta panels were commonly used. Windows and doors were accented with brick or stone trim, often in contrasting colors. The Gothic pointed arch may be present at windows, entrances, and decorative dormers and cross gables. Round turrets, corbelled brickwork and conical roofs are common to this style

Who is This?

George Gilbert Scott

Why was George Gilbert Scott important?

was one of the most successful and prolific exponents of the Gothic Revival style during the Victorian period

significance rests partly on the sheer number of important buildings which he was associated, totaling over 850 structures that he designed, restored or influenced.

Name, Location, Architect

Prince Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens, London, England, UK, Sir George Gilbert Scott

Who is this?

William Butterfield

What is Butterfield known for?

Sometimes called the ‘Oxford movement’s most original architect’,

introduced an architectural realism that included a clear expression of materials in colorful contrasts of textures and patterns.

Characteristics of a Butterfield Building

Various brick banding and contrasting colored materials

Interior surfaces were covered with marble and tile to achieve an even richer coloration

Name, Location, Architect

All Saints Margaret Street Church, London, England, UK, William Butterfield

Name, Location, Architect

Interior of All Saints Margaret Street Church, London, England, UK, William Butterfield

Name, Location, Architect

Chapel of Balliol College, Oxford, University of Oxford, England William Butterfield

Name, Location, Architect

Interior of Chapel of Balliol College, Oxford, University of Oxford, England William Butterfield

Name, Location, Architect

Keble College, Oxford, William Butterfield

Who is this?

John Ruskin

What was John Ruskin known for?

Advocated the revival of a crafts-based culture for the spiritual redemption of industrial society.

Was a supporter of the Gothic Revival and arguably became the most captivating writer on architecture of all time

believed that over time medieval architecture had lost the power to resist innovation and that this loss of vitality was the result of the spiritual decline of Christianity during the materialistic Renaissance

Author of ‘The Seven Lamps of Architecture’

The Seven Lamps of Architecture

Sacrifice, Truth, Power, Beauty, Life, Memory, and Obedience

Name, Location, Architect, Importance

Halle aux bles (The Corn Exchange), Paris, France Francois-Joseph Belanger, the first iron and glass dome in architectural history

Name, Location, Architect

The Passage du Caire, Paris, France Francois-Joseph Belanger

Who is this, and what is he known for?

Francois-Jean Delannoy, designed Parisian arcades

Name, Location, Architect

Galerie Vivienne, Paris, France Francois-Jean Delannoy

Who is this and what is he known for?

Giuseppe Mengoni, known for the cruciform Galleria Vittorio Emanuele in Milan, one of the largest and most impressive iron and glass covered arches of the 19th century