ITS Exam 1

Business-ready

being technically and tactically proficient in the knowledge and skill areas that a person engaged in business is expected to know

What skills do you need to develop to be business ready

non-routine cognitive skills

system thinking

is the ability to model the components of the system to connect the inputs and the outputs among those components into a sensible whole that reflects the structure and dynamics of the phenomenon observed

non-routine cognitive skill

is the ability and capacity to carry out cognitivelu challenging processes and be able to use ones knowledge in a responsible way to achieve a goal

non-routine cognitive skills types

• systems thinkinh

• experimentation

• collaboration

• social skills

• lifelong learning

experimentation

making reasoned analysis of an opportunity, envisioning potential solutions, evaluating those possibilities, and developing the most promising ones, consistent with the resources you have

collaboration

two or more people working together to achieve a goal

critical thinking

the ability to exercise careful evaluation in order to determine the authencity, accuracy, worth, validity, or value of something

social skills

skills needed to successfully interact with those around you, particuarly the ability to persuade and negotiate

life long learning

the willingness to pursue knowledge beyonf formal schooling

Information Technology (IT)

is the study or use of computer and telecommunication systems for storing retrieving and sending information

Information

is knowledge derived from data

What does data need to be good

• accurate

• timely

• relevant

• just sufficient

• worth its cost

Information Systems (IS)

is an intergrated set of components for collecting storing and processinf data and for providing information knowledge and digital product

what are the 5 components of IS

1. hardware

2. software

3. data

4. procedure

5. people

analog computers

1. operate on a continnum of values

2. the quantites of interest are represented by physical parameters

3. designed to solve one problem

digital computers

1. use discrete values

2. the quantities of interest are symbols

3. they can solve a multitude of problems

Binary values

1 and 0

in binary 1 is

TRUE

in binary 2 is

False

Uses Boolean algebra operators

AND, OR, Not to determine the outcome of binary addition and multiplication problems via a truth table

how to decode a byte

• 128

• 64

• 32

• 16

• 8

• 4

• 2

• 1

5 basic operations of computers

• inputting

• outputiing

• storing

• processing

• controlling

inputting

the operation performed by the input unit and involves feeding instructions and data to the computer. Inputs come from varios sources includinf the keyboard mouse, the computers hard drive, memory, and data incoming from a network through (wire or wireless) interface card, and ultimately involves encoding data to a binary format usable by the computer

outputting

sendinf bianry data via the output unit to some component whether its the computers Ram or hard drive, or in some cases decoding it via graphics processing unit (GPU) so that its humman readable on a video screen, through an audio card to make it understandable on speakers or to a printer

storing

a process managed by the storage unit. before data can be processed, it needs to be stored or held in memory

processing

where the so called tinking is done and its performed by the arthmetic and logic unit (ALU) on a computers CPU. The ALU takes in inputs, does all the math, performs all the instructions given to it by the program being executed, and outputs data that is to be used by the program, a component of the computer, the user, or all of the aforementioned all at once.

controlling

done by the Control Unit (CU).  If the ALU is the brain, the CU is the rest of the central nervous system, as it directs the operation of the I/O Unit and ALU by providing timing and control signals.

4 steps of the machine cycle

• fetch

• decode

• execute

• store(write back)

The 5 basic occur using what

machine cycle

fetch

the first step in the cycle involves the CPU retrieving an instruction from memory

decode

the cpu decodes the instruction and determines what it means then it directs that the pertinent data is moved to the ALU. the

Instruction time (I time)

fetch and decode

Execution time (E-time)

execute and store(write back)

execute

the ALU executes the instructions

store (writeback)

the ALU then stores or writes back the results of the execution step back to memory

I time + E Time =

machine cycle

how many times does a compter execute the machine cycle per second

billions of times per second

hertz

is one cycle per second

What units does computer science use to describe frequencies and capacities

Internation systme of units

International system of units: Kibi

• kibi

• ki

• 2^10

• 1.024×10³

• kilo

ISU: mebi

• Mi

• 2^10

• 1.049×10^8

• mega

ISU:gibi

• gi

• 2³0

• 1.074×10^9

• giga

ISU:Tebi

• ti

• 2^40

• 1.100X10^12

• tera

Server types

• application

• file

• database

• web

Types of client

• thick

• thin

application

Runs software applications; CPU & RAM-intensive.

file

Stores files; not CPU & RAM-intensive but uses clustered storage (RAID).

database

store databases & runs database management system software

web

runs websites

thick

full OS and applications are resident on the client

thin

minimal OS and applications are resident on the server: uses virtualization, which the process of running a virtual instance of a computer system in a layer abstracted from the actual hardware; e.g. Citrix.

 

supercomputer

a computer noted for its high level of performance usually relying on parallel processing

parallel processing

 a type of computer architecture in which multiple processors simultaneously execute multiple, smaller calculations broken down from a larger, complex problem.

Basic components of computers?

• motherboard

• central processing unit (CPU)

• random access memory (RAM)

• storage

• expansion slots

• input/output

motherboard

is a printed circuit board (PCB) that contains the principal components of a computer, with connectors into which other circuit boards can be slotted.

CPU

, aka Processor or CPU, is the component of a computer system that performs the basic operations (such as processing data) of the system, that exchanges data with the system's memory or peripherals, and that manages the system's other components

how many cores does a cpu have

16

CPUS are either

• Risc: reduced instruction set computer

• CISC: complex instruction set computer

RISC

• processors are designed to reduce the complexity of hardware by using a few basic instructions.  Thus:

• Instruction size is limited to one word or less.

• Instructions take one clock cycle to execute.

CISC

• processors are designed to reduce the complexity of hardware by using a few basic instructions.  Thus:

• Instruction size is limited to one word or less.

• Instructions take one clock cycle to execute.

DDR SDRAM

• Double Data Rate SDRAM; RAM that doubles the bandwidth of single data rate SDRAM by transferring data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal without any increase in clock frequency.

DIMM

• Dual in-Line Memory Module; 64-bit data bus using 168-pin connectors.  Current DIMMs are double data rate (DDR4) SDRAM that have 288-pin connectors.

Storage types

• non-volatile

• volatile

Non-volatile

They retain their contents regardless of power state; examples include:

• firmware

• magnetic disc

• solid state storage

• thumb drives

• optical disks

Volatile

They empty when you turn the power off; examples include cache (L1, L2, L3) and main memory (RAM).

Hardware development

• analysis

• proof of concept

• design

• manufacturing

• testing

• support

• computer architecture

• instruction set architecture

• microarchitecture

analysis

Requirements are collected; these may come from product management when proactively developing hardware, or customers when responding to a specific customer request.  Requirements are analyzed to determine if the hardware can be made using off-the-shelf (OTS) components or require the development of specialized components.  Project planning occurs to determine estimated time, cost, quality, and resources needed.

proof of concept

A model with some or complete functionality may be built to determine the feasibility of developing the product per the requirements.  There may be individual POCs to address specific feature functionality.  Lessons learned from the POC build(s) are rolled into the next step, which is:

design

The components are design by first committing to an architecture that enables the desired functionality, ideally while using the most cost-effective materials and manufacturing techniques.  The functional block design derived from the architecture is translated into detailed component designs.  Modeling may me used to verify design assumptions.

manufacturing

OTS components are acquired.  Specialized components are manufactured.  Components are then assembled into the final product.

testing

During and after the manufacturing process, components will be inspected and tested.  After manufacturing, the final product undergoes integrated testing to ensure all components work together to produce the desired results according to the design parameters.

support

Documentation is created to describe the product, capabilities, and use.

computer architecture

describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems, and is really made up of two separate architectures (so much architecture!):

instruction set architecture

The architecture related to the computer’s programming, i.e. it’s the method by which a program’s compiled code is executed by the processor. Common instruction set architectures are x86, x86-64, and x64.

microarchitecture

o    The hardware implementation of the instruction set architecture, i.e. it’s the combination of components and circuitry that make up the processor.

Personal Area Networks (PAN)

are networks that, in essence, surround the individual (hence personal), usually involving devices connected to a person’s smartphone. 

Local Area Networks (LAN)

are networks that cover a house or a building, typically employing the Internet Protocol (IP) using IP private addresses to communicate with other devices on the same local network using wired and/or wireless connections. 

Wide Area Networks (WAN)

are networks that extend beyond a single building or site. They can include campus area networks and metropolitan area networks.

internet

network of networks

tier 1

A network owner that doesn’t need to lease any of its network infrastructure.

tier 2

A provider that peers with other providers and owns some of their own backbone network infrastructure, but still needs to purchase IP transit facilities to reach some portion of the internet. 

Tier 3

A provider that doesn’t own any of its own backbone; it purchases IP transit from tier 1 and 2 providers.  Tier 3 providers are internet servicer providers (ISP) that typically provide consumer and small & medium sized business customers within a given domestic region access to the internet.

Network Providers

• interexchange carriers(IXC)

• local Exchange Carrier (LEC)

• Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC)

IXC

An interexchange carrier is essentially a telecommunications company that provides connections between local exchange carriers. Examples include AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile, and Lumen.

LEC

A company that provides local telephone service, which includes data network service, or one of the nine original Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOC), or “baby Bells.”  Examples include SBC and Bell Atlantic.

CLEC

A company other than RBOCs, that provides local telephone service in a given area.  Examples include Frontier and Windstream.

OSI Model: Layer 7

• application

• services affecting end user applications

OSI Model: Layer 6

• presentation

• data representation & Encryption

OSI Model: Layer 5

• Session

• Interhost Communication

OSI Model: Layer 4

• transport

• end to end connections & reliability

OSI Model Layer 3

• network

• path determination and IP (Logical Addressing)

OSI model layer 2

• Data Link

• MAC & LLC (physical address)

OSI Model Layer 1

• physical

• media, signaling & Binary Transmisson

TCP or IP Model: application

encompasses the session, presentation & application layers

TCP MODEL Transport

same as OSI Model

TCP MODEL Internet

Same as network in OSI model

TCP MODEL network

encompasses the physical & data dink layers

Network hardware: switch

An OSI layer 2 network device meant to route traffic inside a network using MAC addresses.