Before WW2/ Totalitarianism

5th columnist

Nazis residing in neighboring countries

\- Austrian Nazis who let Germany into Austria

Acerbo Law

Law passed to give Mussolini’s fascist party the majority in gov

\-party with 25-66% of votes takes control

America First

Committee against US involvment in WW2

\-Prioritize American citizens before the rest of the world !

Appeasment

allowing the aggressor to continue their acts to avoid conflict

Article 48 of Weimar

allows cabinet to rule without 50% of votes

Autocrat

ruler with absolute power

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Beer Hall Putsch

Hitler’s plan to have his brown shits march to Berlin with Ludendorff

\-fails, national gaurd fires at them

\-Hilter recieves 5 years in prison, released in 9 months

Black Shirts

Mussolini’s malitia

\-squadri

Blacks (Spanish civil war)

Fascists, right wings, the rich, church side of the Spanish Civil War

Brown Shirts

Hitler’s militia

\-modeled after mussolini’s black shirts

Corporatism

political ideology which advocates the organization of society by corporate groups

Dawes Plan

Plan for Germany to be able to repay reparations

\-asks for loans from other countries until Germany is stable enough to pay them back

\-created by Stressman

Dachau

First concentration camp to imprison communists

Demagogue

a political leader who seeks support by appealing to the desires of ordinary people rather than by using rational argument

Falange

Fascist org that controlled Spain after civil war

Facism

far-right, authoritarian ideology that controls the lives of the people

Gestapo

secret police org of Nazi Germany

Hitler Youth

youth org controlled by Nazi

Hyperinflation

effects after Germany mass printed money

Kellogg-Briand Pact

An agreement to outlaw war to avoid future world wars

KPD

Communist party of weimar republic

Lateran Pacts

agreements between Italy and the Church

\-Church gets land (Vatican City) and will support Mussolini as ruler

Lebensraum

land needed for living space by Nazi Germany

Locarno Treaty

Whoever (France or Germany) goes in the Rhineland, Britain will protect the other side

March on Rome

coup de tat organized by Mussolini and his squadri to the capitol

\-later became leader of Italy

Mare Nostrum

“Our Sea“

\-Mussolini’s goal to control the Mediterranean Sea

Maslow’s Heirachy of Needs

basic needs were at risk for 30% of Germans

\-many were willing to give up freedoms for these needs

Mein Kampf

“My Struggles”

\-book written by Hitler during his time in prison

\-outlines his anti-semetic, political views

National Socialism

“NS”

political ideology associated with the Nazis (**NS**DAP)

Nazi Propoganda Techniques

\-trained children to worship Hitler (Hitler Youth)

\-”country above family”

\-encouraged violence (mainly against Jews)

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pacts

aka Molotov-Ribbentrop pact

\-agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union to stay neutral for the next 10 years

\-allowed Germany to invade Poland and take 2/3

\-Russia gets 1/3 of Poland and Baltic states (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia)

Parties of Despair

Far right + Far left

Fascism + Communism

Polish Corridor

Area of land taken from Germany after WW1 and given to Poland for access to ocean

Racial Classification

\-aryan(white skin, blue eyes)

\-franks(french)

\-slavs

\-others(black)

\-jews

Reds (Spanish Civil War)

left-wing, anarchists, popular front side of the Spanish Civil War

Rentermark

new currency to combat hyperinflation in Germany

\-replaced marks (1 rentermark = 10^12 marks)

Rhineland

area of land between Germany and France

Rome-Berlin Axis

Alliance between Germany and Italy

SAAR

German region occupied by France that mines coal for France

Seigfreid Line

German defensive line built along French broder

Significance of Great Depression

lead to an increase of desperation that drives fascism

\-Germany suffered greatly as they had war reperation to pay back too

\-Nazi party grew as a result

Squadri

Mussolini’s black shirts

SKODA

military factory that was taken over by Germany after German invasion of Sudentenland

SPD

Social Democrats that joined with Hitler’s group to give them the majority in the Reichtag

\-HItler then appointed as chancellor

SS

elite police unit in charge of concentration camps

Sudentenland

areas of Czechoslovakia taken over by Germany after Munich Conference

Stormtroopers (SA)

soldiers in German army responsible for intimidation

\-aka “brownshirts”

Tools of Totalitarianism

\-banned opposing political parties

\-censorship of media + use of radios to spread propoganda

\-worshiping Hitler as the one leader

Totalitarianism

government that has complete, centralized control

Treaty of Versailles

provisions of treaty sparked anger throughout Germany, including Hitler

\-Nazi’s took advantage of this anger which lead to their rise in power

Leauge of Nations

worldwide organizations created after ww1

\-its failures to act lead to rise in fascism and Nazis

War Guilt Clause

forced Germany to take full responsibility of ww1

Weimar Republic

Goverment of Germany from 1918-1933

\-free-est democracy of its time

\-provided universal suffrage, democratically elected pres., ect

\-no censorship (you can lie..)

\-art captured expressionism of suffering (dada)

White Rose

group of students that revolted against Nazi government by printing documents against it

\-Sophie Scholl nd others put on trial

Manuel Anzana

Leader of Spain before and during civil war

\-sepreated church and state, redistrubited land, cut military budget for schools

\-many were against these reforms → civil war

Edvard Benes

Refuses to give up Czechoslovakia during Munich Confrenece

\-when Britain refused to help them if war were to break out, he resigns and Sudetenland is given up

Neville Chamberlain

Appeased Germany during Munich Conference and allowed them to take Czechoslovakia

\-wanted to give Britain more time to build up their army

\-this avoidance also allowed Germany to grow even more powerful for war

Winston Churchill

Argued against Chamberlain’s choice to intially avoid war

Edouard Daladier

Prime minister of France

\-signed Munich Aggrement with Britian

Endelbert Dollfuss

elected as leader and began fixing Austria

\-Hitler wants Austria to be in a mess when he invades

\-assasinated Dollfuss but Mussolini promies to proctect Austria

Francisco Franco

fascist leader of Spain

\-lead the overthrow of Spanish gov after civil war

\-assumed title of Caudillo

Joseph Goebbels

minister of propoganda

\-believed the use of entertainment is the most effective form of propoganda

Hermann Goring

oversaw the creation of the gestapo- secret police

Heinrich Himmler

leading member of the Nazi party- one of the most powerful men

Paul von Hindenburg

president of Weimar republic

\-his death allowed Hitler to become head of German gov

Adlof Hitler

fascist leader of Nazi Germany

\-responsible for starting WW2 and the murder of millions of Jews

\-a soldier during ww1 where German defeat led to the development of his anti-Semitic beliefs

Samuel Hoare

signed the Hoare–Laval Pact that allowed Mussolini to take Ethiopia

Maxim Litivinov

urged for resistance against Germany as Nazi Germany became a greater threat

\-dismissed him because he was Jewish and of appeasment

\-replaced with Molotov

Erich von Ludendoff

military general who gained popularity during WW1

\-marched aside Hitler during Beer Hall Putsch

Vyacheslav Molotov

signed the German–Soviet non-aggression pact that assues nuetrality between the two countries

Benito Mussolini

Italy’s fascist leader who took power after WW1

\-took advantage of the desperation of Italians

Jesse Owens

Black American who won 4 gold medals during 1936 Olympics

\-disproved HItler’s belief that Aryans were “superior“

Joachim Ribintropp

signed the German-Soviet nonaggression(Molotov-Ribbentrop) pact that assured neutrality between the two countries

\-allowed Germany to invade Poland

Kurt von Scheicher

Chancellor before Hitler

\-killed during the night of the long knives

Kurt Schushnigg

Chancellor of Austria after assassination of Dollfuss

\-attempted to withstand Nazi invasion but failed

Autur Seyss Inquart

Nazi Austrian

Chancellor of Austria 2 days before Nazi invasion

Haille Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia during conflict with Mussolini

Gregor Stasser

Prominent Nazi official

\-killed during night of long knives

Gustav Stressman

Helped restore Germany’s declining economy and status after WW1

Victor Emmanuel III

Leader of Italy

\-during Mussolini’s march to Rome, he refused to sign the decree that would have sent out the army

\-essentially allowing Mussolini to take over

Franz Von Papen

Persuaded hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor and reassured that Papen would control him

Anschuluss (failue and success)

Annexation of Austria into Germany

\-first attempt: assassinates Dollfuss but Mussolini promised protection afterwards

\-second attempt: Austrian Nazis betrayed their country and let Germany in

Bombing of Guernica

Neutral land bombed by Nazis for the funsies hehe !! during Spanish Civil War

Coal miners strike in SAAR

SAAR: german region occupied by French for coal

\-workers went on strike because of poor working conditions

\-French kills workers D:

Enabeling Act

Act that allowed Nazis to take control of gov

\-allowed Hitler to inact laws without parliment consent

Kapp Putsch

attempted coup on the German government

\-military turned against gov

\-but workers go on strike and coup fails

March on Rome

Mussolini coup detat

\-a march to the capitol with his black shirts

\-Victor Emmanuel (leader) refused to send national guard, leading to the fascist take over

Invasion of Ethiopia

To boost Italy’s prestige, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia

\- ideally, the L.o.N would have enacted collective security against Italy

\-in reality, they appeased Italy and allowed them to invade

Invasion of Czech Republic

After taking Sudentenland and the resignation of Benes, new leader, Hacha comes in

\-as an old, feeble leader, Hitler forces him to give up the entirety of Czech

Munich Conference

A conference to prevent war between Germany and Czech by Mussolini

\-Czech refused to give up Sudetenland

\-Britain refused to help Czech if it meant delaying war

\-in the end, Benes resigns and Sudetenland is given up

Night of the Long Knives

Mass assassinations of high ranked Nazi officials to impove Hitlers image in the government

Paris Peace Conference

Conference after WW1 to discuss means of peace going forward

Rearmament of Rhineland

one part of Nazi rebellion against Paris Peace Treaty where Germany began setting up troops along Rhineland

Spartacist Rebellion

attempted coup by communists of Germany

\-gov hired ex soldiers(Freikops) and killed them

Spanish Civil War

Blacks vs Reds; Fascists vs Popular Front

\-rest of europe decided to stay out of war and not provide any side with weapons

\-Red at a disadvatange with less arms than Blacks

\-Blacks win and take over

Versailles Treaty in regards to Germany

\-Gemrnay takes full responsibility of war

\-Germany must pay damage reparations

\-Germany must give up land and minimize army

Mussolini’s beliefs

inventor of Fascism

dont be on test pls

Economic situation of Germany 1918-1923

\-hyperinflation as a result of printing useless moneys

\-burdened with debt from war reperations

Golden age of Weimar Republic

1924-1929

with Gustav Stressman as Chancellor, Germnay began recovering from the war

\-restored foreign relations and stabalized economy