APUSH FINAL EXAM STUDY

Great Columbia/Biological Exchange

between America (got cattle, pigs) and Europe (got corn, potatoes, beans); nourish world; europeans give Indians disease

Christopher Columbus

(1492) of Spain began exploration of Americas; exploitation of natives; began trans-Atlantic slave trade; Columbian exchange

Bartolomeo de las Casas

(1552) wrote testimony to the European cruelty towards native peoples; helped to win limited reforms to protect Indians + "Black Legend"; History of the Indies & A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies

Spanish Empire

autocratic/mercantilistic/catholic development of self-sustaining economies less important that conversion of "heathens" to Catholicism (mission system) and search for gold and silver

French Empire

autocratic; small in numbers; have cordial relations with indigenous populations; traders and Jesuits

English/British Empire

representative assemblies with diverse economy; larger population composed of transplation of families; business enterprises; more independent pol/econ/social practices

Jamestown

(1607) first permanent English settlement in America; John Smith; saved by cultivation of tobacco (John Rolfe)

Plymouth Colony

(1620) founded by Pilgrims/Separatists; self-governing/royal colony

Mayflower Compact

agreement to obey laws created by community and profession of allegiance to the king; created consensual agreement between Separatists and non-religious

Chesapeake Colonies

made up of Virginia and Maryland; grew tobacco; Church of England; Maryland Act of Toleration; plantation economy w/cheap labor; headright system

Virginia Colony

1607 - Jamestown - London Company; charter to stock company/Royal

1619

first Africans brought to British colonies; establishment of House of Burgesses

House of Burgesses

first elected/representative assembly in the Americas; fulfillment of promise to colonists of full rights as Englishmen

Bacon's Rebellion

uprising against colonial gvt.; caused by conflict between backcountry and indians; governor prevented westward expansion; Jamestown burned; Indians lose land; reduction of taxes for free

Maryland Colony

(1634); Proprietary = owned by Calvert Family; freedom of religion with certain act and established religion with Church of England

Toleration Act

of 1649 allowed freedom of religion in Maryland to all who believed in the Trinity; was granted to protect Catholics from interference by other Christians

New England Colonies

Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Massachusetts; Puritans of Mass. Bay vs/ Pilgrims/Separatists of Plymouth; religiously intolerant (besides RI); better education; more democratic

Massachusetts Bay Colony

(1630) religions and economic factors intertwined to influence Puritans to migrate; joint-stock company; theocratic republic

John Winthrop

leader of Mass. Bay Colony; we shall be city upon a hill

"City Upon a Hill"

exemplified American view that they are to serve as an example of a model/society/moral community/moral commonwealth to the world

Anne Hutchinson

she disagreed with Mass. Church fathers over doctrine (believed one could directly communicate w/God and gain assurance of salvation); expelled from colony

King Philip's War

(1675-76) bloodiest war in colonial history; colonists won; New England Indians eliminated as obstacle to west expansion; colonists united

Salem Witch Trials

produced largest outpouring of accusations; witchcraft hysteria in New England

Rhode Island Colony

(1636) self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; universal suffrage for white males w/property qualifications; most democratic

Roger Williams

migrated from Massachusetts and founded Rhode Island; established disestablishment and religious toleration

Disestablishment

separation of church and state; no religion is officially supported by state/gvt.

Connecticut Colony

(1636) by Thomas Hooker; self-governing; origin of Fundamental Orders

Fundamental Orders

written in 1639 it was first written constitution in the New World

New Amsterdam

founded by Dutch in 1624; took over as royal colony by England in 1664

Restoration Colonies

Charles II renewal of American Colonization (Carolinas, Pennsylvania) from 1660-85

New York Colony

won in 1664 from Dutch; became English royal colony

Pennsylvania Colony

proprietary colony founded in 1683 by William Penn; settled by Quakers; bought lands from Indians and allowed religious freedom

William Penn

founder of Pennsylvania; "The Holy Experiment" - allowed complete religious freedom and bought land from the Indians

Georgia Colony

founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe; settled by debtors and unfortunates; border between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas; religious toleration to all Protestant Christians but not Catholics; first proprietary than royal

James Oglethorpe

founded Georgia in 1733

Mercantilism

colonies served economic interest of mother country; nations grow rich at expense of other nations; export less and import less; develop manufacturing; gain colonies that have raw materials and a re market for finished goods; accumulate mineral wealth

Triangular Trade

colonies developed variety of trading products and partners; between mainland colonies, West Africa, Caribbean, Europe

Navigation Acts

foundation of English mercantile laws; European goods had to go to England first before going to America; restricted transport of colonial commerce

Salutary/Benign Neglect

description of English policy (esp. 1721-63) of allowing American colonies to economically develop w/o excessive govt. regulation from Britain; allow some political/social/religious freedom; created b/c of England's domestic problems w/Glorious Revolution, Seven Years' War, and conflicts w/France

Dominion of New England

1686 King James II combined CT, Plymouth, MA, RI, NH, NY, NJ, into single entity ruled by royal governor; eliminated all representative assemblies, strictly enforced the Navigation Acts; eliminated in 1689 as a result of the Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution (In America)

Elimination of Dominion of England in 1689; Plymouth added to Massachusetts in 1691; Reinstatement of legislative assemblies; Coode's Rebellion; some royal governors; more closely intertwined empire

Puritanism

build better society in America; strong sense of mission and destiny; no abandoning English Church, but were assaulting on its corruption

Enlightenment

the power of human reason to promote progress by revealing natural laws that governed both nature and society; decreased importance in organized religion; ideas of John Locke; deism

John Locke

natural rights and social contract theory of gvt.; one is born with particular rights that cannot be taken away Two Treatise of Government (1690); property guaranteed liberty; if gvt. abuses its power, people have right to create new gvt.

Benjamin Franklin

practiced Enlightenment ideals; self-made man; most democratic founding father; advocate of religious toleration; need for scientific reserach/importance of education + middle class

First Great Awakening

increased democratization; challenged traditional authority in religion; reaction against Enlightenment; emotionalism/revivalism in 1740s

Jonathan Edwards

Congregational revivalist during Great Awakening; Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God - experience new birth through religious conversion

George Whitfield

revivalist during Great Awakening; turned church into theater; drama of performances appealed to people of all classes, ethnic groups, and races

18th Century Immigration

increase in non-English immigrants and fewer English immigrants; Scots-Irish, Scots, Germans, Dutch, Africans; poor move west for cheaper land

American Slavery

less harsh b/c slaves are like market items; lifelong/generational; destructive of family ties; slavery based on race; quality of life depended on owner; enforced by owner

Stono Rebellion

1739 in South Carolina; largest slave revolt during colonial period

Zenger Case

1734 newspapers are not financially liable for criticism of gvt. if factually true

French and Indian/Seven Years' War

(1756-1763); ended with Treaty of Paris; Britain gains Ohio River Valley; increase British debt w/increased territory to police -> increased tensions

Albany Plan of Union

fear of French and Indian power (1754); federal council w/representatives from each colony; for colonial defense, Indian policy; financed by taxes; not approved by single colonial assembly

Benjamin Franklin's Achievements

spread Enlightenment ideals; need for scientific ideals; importance of education; religious toleration; presided over Declaration, Treaty of Paris, and Constitution; anti-slavery advocate

Pontiac's Rebellion

tribes unite and capture british posts west of Appalachians; stop rebellion; Britain issues Proclamation of 1763 to prevent colonial settlement west of Appalachians

Proclamation of 1763

attempt to stop colonization of West by closing land b/t Appalachian Mts. and Miss. River to prevent conflict w/Indians and control west expansion

Stamp Act

1765, in order to pay for new army to police new territories, colonists forced to pay tax on printed documents in colonies such as legal docs.; violators tried in juryless courts

Sons of Liberty

led by Sam Adams (created in response to Stamp Act); resistance group in attempt to protect property; a secret colonial organization assembled during the American Revolutionary War that consisted of traders, lawyers, and artisans

Daughters of Liberty

led by Mercy Otis Warren (created in response to Stamp Act); wore homespun clothing instead of English finery, served coffee instead of tea, and boycotted shops selling British goods

Declaratory Act

1766) passed by Parliament; stated had authority over colonies "in all cases whatsoever"; passed same day Stamp Act repealed; Britain still have sovereignty

Townshend Acts

(1767) placed tax on imported paper, tea...; colonial boycott led to repeal of all duties except tea

Boston Massacre

(1770) british soldiers fired upon Boston townspeople; several killed; before townshend acts repealed

Boston Tea Party

1773; enraged by monopoly of tea trade and English refusal to rescind tea tax, men boarded ships and emptied tea into harbor

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

(1774) in retaliation for Boston Tea Party, British gvt. closed port of Boston until tea paid for, reduced powers of self-gvt. for Mass.; forced colonists of Mass. to house British soldiers and allowed British officers to be tried in England for crimes of violence

American Revolution (1775-83)

british advantages: superior armaments/training and experience but distance is disadvantage; American advantages: home, terrain, leadership but untrained and rivalries between states and lack of money/supplies/organization

Continental Congress

(1774) - declaration of rights and grievances sent to George III b/c Parliament's authority no longer recognized; called for repressive legislation since 1763; no authority to levy taxes; Second in 1775 = results included Washington as chief, Congress assumed direction of war effort, and Olive Branch Petition affirmed American loyalty to George III and denied desire for independence

Paine's Common Sense

January 1776, rejected institution of monarchy/King George; helped to change popular opinion about the war in favor in complete independence from Britain

Declaration of Independence

July 1776 at 2nd Continental Congress; statement of natural rights and social contract theories of John Locke and its application to the American crisis; indictments against King & Parliament; colonists now rebels

General George Washington

commander of chief of the American Continental Army; kept U.S. army in the field during revolution; voluntarily surrendered military power by resigning as Commander in Chief (1784); prevented military overthrow of cent. gvt (Newburgh Conspiracy-1783)

Battle of Saratoga

in 1777; British army forced to surrender; turning point of the war as France entered on American side and formed alliance

French Alliance

result of Battle of Saratoga; helped Americans ultimately win war

Loyalists

colonists who supported British during war; political officeholders, merchant, minorities, Indians, those who feared disorder & the common people; many exiled/harassed

Articles of Confederation

short-term central gvt.; created 1777 but did not go into effect until 1781; unicameral legislature; no separate executive/judiciary (no separation of powers); only request taxes from states; conduct wars/foreign relations; could not regulate/draft troops = weak central gvt; victory in revolution and creation of western land policy

Newburgh Conspiracy

in 1783, officers in Washington's Army threatened to overthrow Articles of Confederation gvt. unless they received the back pay they owed; stopped by Washington

Peace of Paris (1783)

ended war; independence of US recognized by Britain; west border is Mississippi River; Congress recommend restoration of property and rights to Loyalists; British evacuate

Republicanism

all power comes directly from the people/sovereignty lies with the people; people play a role in selecting political leadership and with limits on power of govt.

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

weakened Anglican Church by it being disestablished in Virginia and Maryland in 1786; author is Thomas Jefferson

"Republican Motherhood"

belief that mothers held responsibility for raising informed and self-reliant citizens; led to more education for women + expansion of female literacy

Land Ordinance & Northwest Ordinance

1785 and 1787 respectively; LO created system by which western lands could be surveyed and sold (grid system); NO created northwest territory that could be eventually divided into 3 to 5 territories; new states legally equal to older states - slavery prohibited

Shays' Rebellion

summer 1786 to Jan. 1787; debtor revolt in reaction against state taxes and crippling debt; wanted program of tax relief, paper money; convinced leaders of new, national constitution with stronger central gvt

Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention

Summer 1787; leading reformer was Alexander Hamilton to overhaul Articles of Confederation; approval of national gvt. with three separate branches to replace articles of Confederation; led by Washington; eventual compromise on Constitution

James Madison

wrote Virginia plan to replace Articles of Confederation; helped write/ratify Bill of Rights; Federalist; made President in 1810, started 2nd national bank; believed listing of rights would limit individual rights; declared war; participate in Federalist Papers

Virginia Plan

Madison's plan; favored large states; bicameral legislature (house determined by population and lower house select representation of 2nd house)

New Jersey Plan

William Paterson; favored small states; unicameral legislature with equal representation; expanded power of Congress to tax and regulate commerce

Great Compromise

accepted July 16, 1787; bicameral legislature (Congress) = senate (equal representation) and house of representatives (based on population)

3/5 Compromise

slaves counted as 3/5 of a free person in determining representation and taxation

Charles Beard's Constitution Thesis

framers had designed Constitution to safeguard the kind of property in which they had a pocketbook interest

Ratification of the Constitution Debate

Opponents (anti-federalists) feared central power and wanted Bill of Rights; Constitution ratified at conventions; ultimately ratified b/c support of Washington and Franklin (Federalists), Federalist Papers, promise to add Bill of Rights

Federalist Papers

written by John Jay, Madison, and Hamilton in attempt to get delegates to approve Constitution; respond to objections against expanding power of central government

Bill of Rights

ratified 1791 to preserve inalienable rights; secure freedoms of individuals from being violated by federal gvt.; 9th = rights listed in Constitution are not only rights of people; 10th = people and states would keep powers not given specifically to the federal gvt.

Washington Presidency (1789-97)

federalist; implemented Constitution, created Cabinet and federal court system, oversaw addition of Bill of Rights, supported Hamilton's establishment of U.S. financial system, kept America out of wars + emphasized need to avoid world affairs

Hamilton's Financial Program

bolster national credit; funding at par; assumption = new central gvt. pay off debts from Revolutionary War; pary national debt; establish Bank of the US; support industrial development; creditors invest in gvt -> creditors get interest when paid back so want gvt. to succeed; complex economy - manufacturing, commercial/trade, agriculture

Establishment of Washington D.C. as nation's capital

assumption compromised by moving political center of United States to Washington D.C.

Neutrality Proclamation

1793, said US would remain neutral in world affairs and warned Americans to be impartial toward European conflicts

Jay's Treaty

1794, British navy seized US ships which outraged US public opinion; Britain agreed to withdraw from frontier posts and loosen some trade restrictions; did not guarantee no more seizures of ships; prevented war with Britain

Pinckney's Treaty

1795, between US and Spain; allowed US free navigation of Mississippi River and use of New Orleans

Whiskey Rebellion

uprising by PA farmers in response to excise revenues and taxes on whiskey established in Hamilton Financial System; Hamilton used rebellion as opportunity to use fed. power

First Party System: Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

Federalists (Hamilton)= industrial society w/complex economy, strong central gvt., loose interpretation of Constitution. Republicans (Jefferson/Madison) = decentralized, agrarian society, agricultural economy, central gvt. w/limited powers + belief in states rights, strict interpretation. Created by reactions bank of United States being unconstitutional

Washington's Farewell Address

US should avoid permanent alliances and factions