bones & joints

diaphysis

shaft of long bone

epiphysis

end of long bone

metaphysis

where diaphysis & epiphysis meet; growth of long bone occurs here; growth plate located here

articular cartilage

located on ends of bone (epiphysis)

periosteum

connective tissue membrane that surrounds bone; similar to perichondrium

endosteum

connective tissue membrane that lines medullary cavity & contains osteoprogenitors

exterior bone

compact bone

interior bone

spongy bone

osteoprogenitors

stem cells, can become anything (same as undifferentiated mesenchyme)

osteoblasts

create IC substance for bone

osteoclasts

secrete enzymes that cause bone to break down

osteocytes

mature osteoblasts that don’t secrete IC substance; tell osteoblasts & osteoclasts what to do

haversian canal

central canal of osteon; contains artery, vein, nerve

lamellae

calcified matrix that surrounds the central canal concentrically

lacunae

“little lake” that surrounds osteoblasts, concentrically arranged

canaliculi

little canals that interconnect the lacuna with the central canal

volkmann’s canals

perforating canals, penetrate perpendicularly & carry blood vessels from exterior & interconnect central canals between osteons

osteon/haversian system

functional unit of compact bone

spongy/trabecular/cancellous bone

found in the ends of long bones; contains no true osteons, consists of needle-like bony spikes called trabeculae

calcification

formation of mineral content & deposition of calcium; step in ossification

ossification

development of bone, includes all processes

endochondral/intracartilageneous formation

mesenchyme → cartilage → bone

intramembranous formation

mesenchyme → bone

appositional growth

cartilage growth in width

interstitial growth

cartilage growth in length

diaphyseal (primary) ossification center

bone collar that begins to form during growth of long bone; first place where bone ossifies

epiphyseal (secondary) ossification center

epiphysis of long bones; second place where bone ossifies

metaphysis/epiphyseal line

remnant of growth plate (ossified growth plate)

hypersecretion

too much secretion of growth hormone; leads to gigantism

hyposecretion

too little secretion of growth hormone; leads to dwarfism

acromegaly

too much secretion of growth hormone during adulthood; leads to thick skin & hypertrophy of organs

diploe

spongy bone between two layers of compact bone

fontanel

soft spots that separate bones of skull at birth

metopic suture

remnant of a suture between the 2 developing frontal bones, located at nasion

anterior fontanel

formed by the 2 developing frontal bones & 2 parietal bones; located at bregma

posterior fontanel

located at lambda

sphenoidal fontanel

located at pterion

mastoid fontanel

located at mastoid process

parathyroid hormone

activates osteoclasts & inhibits osteoblasts to increase bone resorption

calcitonin

activates osteoblasts & inhibits osteoclasts to increase uptake of Calcium from blood to bone

axial skeleton

down longitudinal axis; includes 80 bones

appendicular skeleton

contains upper extremities, lower extremities, pectoral girdle, & pelvic girdle; includes 126 bones

suture

immoveable joint in skull

hyoid bone

sesamoid bone that is suspended from styloid processes of temporal bone by ligaments & muscles, located between voice box & hyoid

scoliosis

a lateral & rotary curvature of the spine

kyphosis

exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)

lordosis

exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)

spina bifida

neural tube defect

annulus fibrosus

spirally arranged collagen fibers; fibrous outside of intervertebral disc

nucleus pulposus

squishy, soupy, soft & wet; center of intervertebral disc

herniated disc

annulus fibrosis weakens & bulges, then nucleus pulposus bulges

true ribs

ribs 1-7; attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage

false ribs

ribs 8-10; attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage

floating ribs

ribs 11-12; no anterior attachment

articulation

junction between 2 bones

syndesmosis

bones that are bound together by bands of fibrous connective tissue that form an interosseous ligament

sutural

only found in skull; bones in skull bound together by thin layers of fibrous connective tissue called a sutural ligament

gomphosis

where roots of teeth articulate with dental sockets to form peridontal ligament

synchondrosis

bones bound together by hyaline cartilage

symphysis

2 flat bony structures separated by fibrocartilage

synarthroses/synarthrodial joint

immoveable joint; same as fibrous joint

fibrous joint

held together by fibrous connective tissue; same as synarthroses

amphiarthroses/amphiarthrodial joint

slightly moveable joint; same as cartilaginous joint

cartilaginous joint

bound together by cartilage; same as amphiarthroses

diarthroses/diarthrodial joint

freely moving joint; same as synovial joint

synovial joint

lined with synovial membrane (connective tissue); same as diarthroses

synovial membrane

connective tissue that lines joint capsule & secretes synovial fluid

edema/swelling

damage to a synovial membrane causes overproduction of synovial fluid

synovitis

inflammation of a synovial membrane INSIDE JOINT

bursa

connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane found in places we need to reduce friction

bursitis

inflammation of synovial membrane in bursa sac

tendon sheath

tube-like structures of connective tissue that surround long tendons

tenosynovitis

inflammation of synovial membrane in tendon sheath

flexion

bringing 2 adjacent segments closer together & decreasing joint angle

extension

bringing 2 adjacent segments farther apart & increasing joint angle

hyperextension

taking a segment beyond its normal range of motion

abduction

movement away from midline in frontal plane

adduction

movement toward midline in frontal plane

circumduction

combo of flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction that creates movement in a cone-like fashion

rotation

movement at a joint without movement in space

pronation

rotation of forearm inward

supination

rotation of forearm outward

inversion

moving sole of foot inward toward midline

eversion

moving sole of foot outward away from midline

dorsiflexion

pulling toes towards nose

plantar flexion

pointing toes away from nose

horizontal abduction

moving arms away from midline in transverse plane

horizontal adduction

moving arms toward midline in transverse plane

elevation

shrugging shoulders (upward movement of scapula)

depression

downward movement of scapula

protraction

medial borders of scapula move away from midline (rounding shoulders)

retraction

medial borders of scapula move toward midline (seated rows)

upward rotation

glenoid cavity gets tipped upward

downward rotation

glenoid cavity gets tipped downward

shoulder joint

glenohumeral joint

glenoid labrum

articular disc, ring of fibrocartilage, encircles edge of glenoid cavity & helps to deepen cavity but does NOT help stabilize

glenohumeral ligament

on anterior side of shoulder girdle, helps stabilize the joints

acetabular labrum

piece of fibrocartilage that goes around outer edge of acetabulum & helps to deepen concavity

intervertebral discs

fibrocartilaginous discs between vertebrae that act as “shock absorbers”

structure

presence/absence of a joint space & the type of connective tissue that holds them together