american revolution

Before 1779, Benedict Arnold was one of who's generals on the Patriot Side

George Washington

Where was Benedict Arnold severely injured?

Battle of Quebec and Saratoga

What led Benedict Arnold to turn traitor?

Felt like he wasn't receiving credit and recognition for his military accomplishments and wanted money

What did Patriots gain as result of Illinois and Indiana victories

Ohio River Valley

Most negatively impacted group after Patriots regained Ohio River Valley

Natives. Feared that American control would lead to loss of lands.

What 2 major southern seaports did the British capture between 1778-80?

Savannah and Charlesotn

Worst American defeat of the war

Charleston

What was going on in Southern Countryside

Civil war between loyalists and Patriots

Civil war

A war between people of the same country.

Why did General Cornwallis leave the Carolinas?

Army lost some battles to Nathaniel Greene and Daniel Morgan (Battle of Cowpens, SC and Battle of Kings Mountain, NC)

Nathaniel Greene

Quaker-raised American general who employed tactics of fighting and then drawing back to recover, then attacking again. Defeated Cornwallis by thus "fighting Quaker".

Battle of Guilford Courthouse (1781)

battle between the forces of Cornwallis and Greene near Guilford Courthouse (modern day Greensboro, N.C.) The British won a thin victory in the battle, but the win sapped much of the British strength.

Where did General Cornwallis set up camp?

Yorktown

Why was Cornwallis forced to surrender at Yorktown?

Trapped on land by colonists and water by French

Siege

the surrounding of a place in order to force it to surrender

Why couldn't Cornwallis escape by land?

Combined American-French force of 7,000 men led by Washington and General Rochembeau blocked him from doing so

Why couldn't Cornwallis escape by sea?

French navy lead by Admiral DeGrasse blocked him by wayer

Where did Battle of Yorktown take place?

Yorktown, Virginia

Major result of Battle of Yorktown?

Cornwallis surrendered 8,000 troops. (Last major battle of Revolution.)

Factors of British Government to end Revolutionary War

* British were also fighting Spain, France, and Netherlands
* Unable to defeat Washington and Continental Army after 6 years
* Fear of losing West Indies and India
* British debt growing and people taxed to limit
* War was losing support in the Public and Parliament

What 2 countries signed Treaty of Paris of 1783

England and United States

Britain agreed to recognize…

The independence of the US

Britain surrenders what land

Between Canada and the Ohio River (Northwest Territory)

Future states of the Northwest territory

Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin and Illinois

British surrendered land south of the Ohio River to…

Border of Florida

Borders of US in the North

British Canada

Borders of US in the South

Florida

Borders of US in East

Atlantic Ocean

Border of US in West

Mississippi River

British grant fishing rights to Americans off the coast of where?

Newfoundland, Canada (Grand Banks)

United States agrees they will repay their _____ to British merchants

Prewar debts. People did not keep this promise

US promises no further confiscation of what?

Loyalist property. US did not keep their promise

Both the British and the Americans will be permitted to use what?

The Mississippi River

British agreed to remove their troops and forts from US territory without doing what?

Carrying away any Slaves or other property belonging to Americans

British failed to remove their troops, forts, and trading posts from what region

Northwest Region

In the treaty of Paris, England agreed to give what back to Spain

Florida

Impact of Revolution on Native American tribes

* Most tribes supported British
* Lost a great deal of land as Americans crossed over Appalachian mountains and moved into Old Northwest and Old Southwest territory
* Nothing in Treaty of Paris protected Indian rights to their lands

The principles of the American revolution inspires what

Oppressed people to seek freedom and independence (such as slaves or women)

Examples of effect of Revolutionary War

French Revolution and Spanish Revolution

How did American Revolution spread the Idea of Liberty in the US

"All men are created equal" inspires Slaves and women to seek greater rights and freedoms

80,000 Loyalists left the US and moved to British controlled lands where?

Canada, British Islands in West Indies, and England

Several thousand former slaves also left and went to British lands especially to

Nova Scotia

What happened to some of the former slaves in Nova Scotia

Disliked harsh weather and faced discrimination

Nearly 2,000 former slaves were eventually resettled where

Sierra Leone in West Africa, which was begun by the British as a homeland for Freed slaves

Northern states did what with slavery

Abolished it or made plans to abolish it over time

Ideas in what convinced Northern states to abolish slavery

Declaration of Independence

In the North, slaves were only about what percent of population

5%

In Southern states, why wasn't slavery abolished?

Considered critical to economy, slaves represented a far larger share of population, great deal of concern of how to deal with black population

What caused the fighting in New England to be essentially over?

British left Boston

Where did the fighting shift after Boston

Middle colonies : NY, NJ, and PA

The British defeated Washington and captured what major city

New York City

How did Washington retreat from NYC

Across NJ, sails across Delaware River into Pennsylvania

Battle of Trenton

On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River. The next morning, they suprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians.

What effect did the Battle of Trenton have on American troops?

Boosted their morale

Battle of Princeton

A week after the Battle at Trenton, Washington left a few men to tend some campfires and fool the enemy again. He quietly marched his army to Princeton, where they suprised and beat a British force. New Jersey turned Patriot. This battle helped the American morale.

morale

spirit/confidence of someone

What city did the British capture that was the headquarters to the 2nd continental congress

Philadelphia

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Turning point

the point in a work in which a very significant change occurs

Why was the Battle of Saratoga a turning point in the war?

Patriots gained support from France and Spain

Who did the US make an alliance with in 1778

France

Alliance

a joining together for some common purpose

The American Representative in France was who?

Benjamin Franklin. Convinced King Louis 16th to make the alliance.

What did France provide the US with?

Loans, weapons, troops, generals and naval support

What other European country entered the war against England in 1779?

Spain

Where did Washington and about 12,000 troops spend the winter of 1777-78

Valley Forge, PA (20 miles north of Philadelphia)

What did troops at valley forge lack?

Food, clothing, medical supplies, blankets, overcoats, and boots.

How many of Washington's troops die at Valley forge?

2500-3000

How many of Washington's troops either deserted or didn't reenlist

1,000

Baron von Steuben

A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British (at Valley Forge)

What did British do in June of 1778

Left Philadelphia and headed to southern region of US

Advantages of British troops?

well equipped; well trained; and experienced in fighting large, organized battles (overall they were a professional army)

Disadvantages of American troops?

poorly equipped; poorly trained; and unexperienced in battle

How were American troops different from British?

the Continental Army was made up of VOLUNTEERS who could go home when their short enlistment was over.

enlistment

term of service

Advantages of British navy?

* strongest navy in the world
* used their navy to BLOCKADE or close American ports, guard ships carrying troops and supplies
* quickly transport their British troops along Atlantic coast

Disadvantages of American navy?

they had no real navy

privateers

* privately owned ships that were supplied w/ guns & authorized to attack and capture enemy ships (militarized merchant ship)
* fought both to help their country but ALSO FOR THEIR OWN PROFIT

Advantage of American navy?

the use of privateers which was common, and caused many problems for British supply ships

Advantage of British supplies?

british had much more factories compared to colonies, (they could depend on these factories to supply guns, cannons, and ammo.)

Disadvantage of American supplies?

they constantly faced a shortage of military supplies; instead they stole, imported, or made their own.

Advantage of British war finances?

the British government could raise money to continue the war by using its power of taxtation on its citizens

Disadvantage of American war finances?

the 2nd Continental Congress DID NOT HAVE THE RIGHT TO TAX the people, thus making it difficult to raise money for guns, ammo, uniforms, and food. (they could only ASK the colonies to give money)

Result of Congress using currency?

most people did not want to accept this money because it was worthless and shady (more printed, less the value)

Congress' currency

Continental Dollar

Advantages and Disadvantages

strengths & weaknesses

Britain's support

1/3 of its colonists (Loyalists/Tories) : they provided British with supplies & information

Advantages of American troops?

1. home field advantage; fighting on familiar land
2. familiar with fighting in the wildnerness
3. they had stronger motivation against British attack
4. retreated very well, saving troops (perserving army)
5. better military leadership

homefield advantage

benefit on fighting on own land; familiar with it

Disadvantage of British troops?

they had to move troops & supplies 3000 miles across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the battlefields

where and when did Battle of Bunker Hill happen? what happened there?

It happened in Charlestown in Boston (MA) in June 1775....British attacked Americans at the fort. British won but had many casualties

where and when did Battle of Saratoga happen? what happened there?

it happened in Saratoga (NY) in Oct 1777....British General Burgoyne lost the battle and ended up surrendering more than 5000 troops

where and when did Battles of Trenton and Princeton happen? what happened there?

both was in NJ but Trenton happened in Dec 1775 and Princeton happened in Jan 1776....British took NYC so Washington's army went to Pennsylvania. There, they crossed the Delaware river on Christmas night and surprised British troops at Trenton, and was able to take 900 prisoner. Americans then won at Princeton on Jan 2

Describe Washington's experience at Valley Forge

located in Pennsylvania and Washington's army spent there from 1777-78. Many of them died from cold, hunger, diseases, etc whereas the British was comfortable in Philadelphia. Also while there Prussian officer, Baron von Steuben, helps train the colonists

What did France supply the soldiers? And who specifically helped them in Feb 1778?

France sent supplies, soldiers, and navy....Marquis de Lafayette helped Washington

where and when did Battles of Charleston happen? what happened there?

it happened in Charlestown (SC) in May 1780....Americans were badly beaten by British General Clinton and army of 14,000. This was the worst American defeat in war

where and when did Battles Yorktown happen? what happened there?

it happened in Yorktown (VA) in Oct 1781....Washington attacked Yorktown by land and the French navy attacked by sea. British General Cornwallis surrendered and this was considered the last major battle of the last revolution

Describe the treaty of Paris

it was written in Paris (FR) in Sept 1783.....the treaty gave independence to the 13 colonies. America now owns all land east of Mississippi River and north of Florida.

what happened on July 4 1776?

Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia

Some grievances of the Declaration of Independence

* "he has stopped us form passing our own laws"
* “he has taken away our right of self-rule”
* “he has cut off our trade with the rest of the world by closing our ports”
* “he has imposed taxes against us without our permission”