Anatomy - Chapter 2 (Unit 1)

Lecture Notes

Chemistry

is the science of structure and interactions of matter.

Matter

is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Mass

is the amount of matter a substance contains.

Matter exists in 3 forms: 

1. Solid
2. Liquid 
3. Gas

What elements make up the majority of our bodies?

Oxygen

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Atomic number

is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass number

is the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Isotope

is an atom of the same element, with a different mass number, due to a different number of neutrons.

Ion

an atom that has lost or gained an electron.

Molecule

2 or more atoms sharing electrons.

Compound

a substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements.

Free Radicals 

have an unpaired electron in its outermost shell

What are some Free Radicals?

include UV rays from sunlight, ozone, x-rays, pollution, cigarette smoke.

Chemical Bonds

occurs when atoms are held together by forces of attraction.

What are the 2 types of Ions?

Cation & Anion.

What charge is a cation?

Positive charge, loses electron.

What charge is a anion?

Negative charges, gains an electron.

What is a negative charge that gains an electron?

Anion

What is positive charge that loses an electron?

Cation

Are these cations or anions?

H^+

C^+

Na^+

These are cations.

Are these cations or anions?

F^-

Cl^-

I^-

These are anions.

Ionic Bonds are what?

Ionic Bonds are cations and anions bonds that attracted to each other.

Covalent Bonds share what?

Covalent bonds share pairs of electrons

How many types of groups are there for covalent bonds?

There are 3 types of bonds:

single bonds

double bonds

triple bonds

Hydrogen Bonds result of what?

…result from attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules.

Cohesion

is the tendency of like particles to stay together.

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules give…what?

water cohesion.

What can Hydrogen bonds create?

Surface tension.

Surface tension

is a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

Chemical Reactions occur when…?

occur when new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken.

Covalent Bonds are non-polar, polar, or both?

They are both!

Are Hydrogen bonds strong bonds?

NO, they are actually weak bonds.

Cohesion

the tendency of like particles to stay together.

What are the 2H2 + 02 substances called?

Reactants

What are the 2H20 substances called?

Products

Potential energy

energy that is stored in an object due to its position or condition.

• CLIMAX

Kinetic energy

is a form of energy that an object or a particle has by reason of its motion.

Chemical energy

is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.

Law of conservation of energy

energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another.

Exergonic reaction

a reaction that releases free energy.

Endergonic reaction

is a reaction in which energy is absorbed.

Activation energy

is the energy required to start a reaction

Catalysts

reduce activation energy.

What are the 5 types of chemical reactions?

1. Synthesis

2. Decomposition

3. Exchange

4. Reversible

5. Oxidation-reduction

What are the 2 types synthesis reactions?

• Anabolism

• Catabolism

Synthesis Reactions - Anabolism

when atoms or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

(small particles > large particles)

Decomposition Reactions - Catabolism

when large molecules are split into smaller atoms, ion, or molecules

(large particles > small particles)

Reversible Reactions

• products can revert to original reactants

• can proceed in either direction

Exchange Reactions

those in which cations and anions that were partners in the reactants are interchanged in the products.

Oxidation Reduction Reaction

These reactions transfer electrons between atoms and molecules and always occurs in parallel

Oxidation

loss of electrons and energy release

Reduction

gain of electrons and energy gain

Inorganic Compounds

Lack C (carbon), and are simple molecules

• water is the most important inorganic compound in all living things

Organic Compounds

always contain H (hydrogen), usually contain 0 (oxygen), always contain C (carbon), and always have covalent bonds

In a hydrolysis reaction, water is added to do what to bonds?

Water is added to break bonds.

In a dehydration synthesis reaction, water is what to make bonds?

Water is removed in order to make bonds.

Does water have a low heat of vaporization?

Water actually has a high heat of vaporization.

Does water have a high heat capacity?

Yes, water does have a high heat capacity.

What is something water does that helps our internal body?

• Water helps reduce friction among organs

• Water is a major component of our body fluids

Mixtures

a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together.

What are the 3 types of mixtures?

1. Solution

2. Colloid

3. Suspension

Percentage

number of grams of a substance per 100 milliliters of solution

Molarity

1 molar solution = 1 mole of a solute in 1 liter of solution

Is this an acid, base, or a salt?

K+ OH-

Base

Is this an acid, base, or a salt?

H+ Cl-

Acid

Is this an acid, base, or a salt?

K+ Cl-

Salt

What certain numbers are acidic?

1-6

What certain numbers are alkaline?

8-14

What certain numbers are neutral?

7

Buffer Systems

help regulate pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases.

Carbon

• organic compounds always contain carbon

• can combine in a variety of shapes

• do not dissolve easily in water

• are a good source of energy

Carbohydrates

• compromised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• includes sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose

• main source of chemical energy

• 2-3% of total body mass

Glucose

a sugar molecule

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides (LMS)

Lactose, maltose, sucrose

Polysaccarides

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

Phospholipids

major lipid component of the cell membrane.

Cholesterol

steroid hormones, component in animal cell membranes, precursor of bile salts, and vitamin D.

Sex hormones

stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics

Fatty Acids

the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat.

• they can be saturates or unsaturated

Triglycerides

provide protection, insulation, and energy.

Proteins

give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substance, and serve as enzymes.

Structural Proteins

form structural framework of various parts of body.

• ex. collagen in bone, keratin, tissues, skin, and fingernails

Regulatory Proteins

function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes, control growth and development, mediate responses of nervous system.

• ex. hormone insuline

Contractile Proteins

allow shortening of muscle fibers which produces movement

• ex. myosin, actin

Immunological Proteins

aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens

• ex. antibodies, interleukins

Transport Proteins

carry vital substances throughout body

• ex. hemoglobin

Catalytic Proteins

act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions

• ex. salivary amylase, sucrase, ATP

Amino Acids

are proteins

Peptide Bond

is formed by a dehydration synthesis or reaction at a molecular level.

Enzymes

is a catalyst in a living cell.

• highly specific

• extremely efficient

• subject to cellular controls

What are the 3 parts of an enzyme?

• enzyme

• substrate

• active site

Nucleic Acids

• DNA forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cell’s activities

• RNA guides protein formation

What are the 3 compounds of a nucleotide?

1. Nitrogenous base

2. Pentose sugar

3. Phosphate group

What are the nitrogenous bases for DNA?

• Adenine (A)

• Cytosine (C)

• Guanine (G)

• Thymine (T)

What are the nitrogenous bases for RNA?

• Adenine (A)

• Cytosine (C)

• Guanine (G)

• Uracil (U)

What is the name of the sugar in DNA?

Deoxyribose

What is the name of the sugar in RNA?

Ribose

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

is energy.

Anaerobic

(without oxygen)