Schul Mizzou Bio Exam 5 Spring 2023

Tense State

what is the state of the heme group when O2 is not bound and the affinity is low?

Relaxed state

what is the state of the heme group when O2 is bound and the affinity for O2 is high?

cooperative binding

as more O2 bind, affinity increases. as more heme groups become relaxed, affinity increases

allows for steep increase/decrease in O2 affinity

why is the sigmoidal shape so important?

requires less O2 bound for the steep increase in affinity

describe why the sigmoidal shape is effective for high affinity

allows for less O2 to be dropped before the steep decrease in affinity

describe why the sigmoidal shape is effective for low affinity

low PCO2, high pH, and low temp

what are the conditions that select for a high affinity in the lungs?

left shift

what way does the sigmoidal curve shift in the lungs

right shift

which way does the sigmoidal curve shift in the body

high PCO2, low pH, and high temp

what conditions select for low affinity in the body

displaces the H+ and attracts other N terminal causing a tense state

describe how PCO2 change the tertiary and quaternary structure of Hb

more H+ which stabilizes the connections between subunits causing a tense state

describe how pH causes a change in the tertiary and quaternary structure of Hb

regulates long term. pulls subunits together causing a tense state

describe how 2,3 BPG causes a change in the tertiary and quaternary structure of Hb

lower, lower

since the atmospheric pressure at high altitudes is … the partial pressure is …

less

when PO2 is lower in the atmosphere, there is … oxygen available for the lungs

decreases

with less oxygen available, binding…

cooperative binding

what process is halted when O2 levels are too low?

the amount of O2 needed to achieve 100% binded oxygen isn’t available

explain why Hb does not work well at high altitudes using the sigmoidal curve

one-way

air flow in the bird respiratory system is …

parabronchi

site of gas exchange in birds

air sacs

store air in bird respiratory systems

posterior air sacs

where does air travel after inhalation in the bird respiratory sytem

parabronchi

what does air travel through in the bird respiratory system

anterior air sacs

where does air travel after the posterior air sacs in bird respiration

exhalation

what process occurs after air arrives in the anterior air sacs in the bird respiratory sytem

no mixing of fresh and used air

explain the advantage of unidirectional air flow

hemoglobin is still unable to bind to oxygen at extremely low O2 levels

explain why the high efficiency respiratory system of birds does not work well at high altitudes

lower

normal Hb has … affinity compared to high altitude Hb

higher

high altitude Hb has … affinity compared to normal Hb

left shift

what shift occurs for the high altitude Hb to be effective?

poor releasing

why does high altitude Hb not work at low altitudes

poor binding

why does normal Hb not work at high altitudes

A-T, C-G

what are the two base pairs

DNA is unzipped

what is the first step necessary for transcription

template strand

the strand that is being read during transcription

RNA polymerase

the enzyme that transcribes the template strand of DNA into a strand of RNA during transcription

yes

is RNA able to travel outside the nucleus

no

is DNA able to travel outside the nucleus

nuclear pores

what is the part of the nucleus in which RNA is able to leave through

ribosome

what is the enzyme that attaches to the mRNA strand in translation

codon

3 bases. this is what is read in translation

anticodon

corresponding three letter sequence that matches to codons during translation

amino acid

what is carried by the tRNA

start codon

where does translation start

stop codon

where does translation stop

genetic code

what is used to translate codons into an amino acid sequence

polypeptide bonds

what forms between amino acids during the process of translation

central dogma

flow of information

DNA - RNA - Protein

what are the three components of the central dogma

the anticodon and codon must match perfectly to achieve the correct amino acid sequence

explain why the binding rules are necessary for the production of functioning proteins

point mutation

1 base changes to another

insertion/deletion

1 or a few bases are inserted or removed. all downstream codons are affected. the protein is likely dysfunctionald

duplication

a large chunk of DNA id duplicated within the strand

chromosomal

large scale change in number or structure of chromosomes (trisomy 23)

randomly

mutations happen…

high energy radiation, chemicals, errors during replication, viruses

what are the four things that can increase probability of a gene mutation

UV light can cause 2 Ts to bind together instead of A-T. when this happens, a weakness is created in that location and it could break off leading to mistakes when chromosome is copied

explain how high energy radiation can lead to an increased probability of a mutation

a chemical resembles a base and could bind causing an error during copying

explain how chemicals can increase the probability of a gene mutation

could insert in the middle of the gene which would disrupt function

explain how viruses can lead to an increased probability of a gene mutation

DNA repair enzymes

what is able to fix these mutations

tertiary and quaternary

what structures could be affected by a genetic mutation

interactions between amino acids

what in a genetic mutation would cause the change in protein structure

neutral, harmful, benefical

what are the three possible outcomes of a genetic mutation

if the gene is heterozygous, the second copy of the gene is usually still able to function

explain why loss of function mutations often have little or no effect on phenotype and fitness

geese were flying over the land area of the Himalayas before the mountains were formed. as the mountain range grew beneath their path, the geese adapted

explain why the geese fly over the himalayas

difference in protein structure

what in the hemoglobin causes the affinity change for high altitude geese

standard O2 affinity

what is favored at low altitudes

high altitude O2 affinity

what is favored at high altitudes

geese with the higher affinity Hb had greater fitness and were able to produce more offspring

explain how the geese with higher affinity Hb were able to spread

molecular

identify at which level this process occurs: channel proteins

molecular

identify at which level this process occurs: gradients

molecular

identify at which level this process occurs: DNA structure

cellular

identify at which level this process occurs: fermentation

cellular

identify at which level this process occurs: ATP synthase

cellular

identify at which level this process occurs: role of gradients

cellular

identify at which level this process occurs: organelles

organismal

identify at which level this process occurs: dragonfly size

organismal

identify at which level this process occurs: phenotypes

ecological

identify at which level this process occurs: O2 selection on body size

ecological

identify at which level this process occurs: carbon cycle

evolutionary

identify at which level this process occurs: allele frequencies

molecular

identify at which level this process occurs: genes and alleles

molecular

identify at which level this process occurs: organic molecules

cellular

identify at which level this process occurs: cellular respiration

molecular

involving structure or behavior or molecules

cellular

identify at which level this process occurs: photosynthesis

cellular

identify at which level this process occurs: diffusion

cellular

identify at which level this process occurs: energy

cellular

identify at which level this process occurs: prokaryotes v. eukaryotes

organismal

physiology of plants, animals, fungi, etc. how they work

organismal

identify at which level this process occurs: respiratory system

organismal

identify at which level this process occurs: insect respiration

ecological

interactions between species or between organisms and environment

ecological

identify at which level this process occurs: species interaction

ecological

identify at which level this process occurs: predation

ecological

identify at which level this process occurs: decomposition

ecological

identify at which level this process occurs: fungi breaking down lignin

ecological

identify at which level this process occurs: fluctuation of O2 level

ecological

identify at which level this process occurs: coal formation

evolutionary

topics related to change over time