Chapter 22

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the _____ system.

respiratory

The ______ division of the respiratory system is incapable of gas-exchange between air and the circulatory system

conducting

where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?

respiratory division

The trachea, primary bronchi and alveolar sacs all belong to the:

lower respiratory tract

The posterior nasal apertures are also called

choanae

The dense support-material that can be palpated at the tip or your nose is composed of

cartilage

The nasal ______ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves.

septum

The nasal vestibule is located in the _______ portion of the nasal cavity.

anterior

Identify three ways in which air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae.

humidified

warmed

cleansed

The ___ of the nasal cavity contains the sensory receptors for smell.

olfactory epithelium

The _____ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.

nasopharynx

The ______ tonsil(s) is/are found in the nasopharynx.

pharyngeal

The palatine and lingual tonsils are located along the walls of the ____.

oropharynx

The inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the:

laryngopharynx

The segment of the respiratory system that extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important in sound production, is called the______.

pharynx

Identify the tissue that lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

stratified squamous epithelium

The _____ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.

larynx

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for generating

sound

The _____ is an elastic cartilage structure, which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing as the tongue pushes it downward toward the larynx.

epiglottis

The epiglottis:

covers the glottis when swallowing

Indicate which structure is comprised of elastic cartilage.

epiglottis

The cartilage of the larynx that forms the anterior wall of the larynx and the largest of the laryngeal cartilages is the _____ cartilage.

thyroid

The ring of cartilage forming the inferior portion of the larynx is called the _______ cartilage.

cricoid

The trachea, primary bronchi and the alveolar sacs all belong to the:

lower respiratory

identify the tissue lining the nasopharynx.

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

The _____ are responsible for generating sound within the larynx.

vocal folds

vocal cords

The ____ of the voice is the characteristic of the voice that is dependent upon the tension of the vocal folds.

pitch

The structure that conducts air from the larynx to primary bronchi is called the:

trachea

which of the following best describes the support structures of the trachea

C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage

The _____ is a smooth muscle that relaxes or contracts to adjust tracheal airflow.

trachealis

The lumen of the trachea is lined with epithelium that has _____, structures that move the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.

cilia

The upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus along the _____ escalator of the trachea.

mucociliary

A _____ entails an incision made within the trachea in order to bypass an airway obstruction.

tracheostomy

The ____ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

base

The apex represents the ___ portion of the lung.

superior

Identify three of the structures that enter the lung at the hilum.

Lymphatic vessels

blood vessels

nerves

Identify the three factors that contribute to airflow resistance.

lung compliance

diameter of the bronchioles

surface tension

Identify the components of the respiratory membrane.

endothelial cell of capillary

Type I (squamous) alveolar cell

one shared basal lamina

_____ is the intake of air during the respiratory cycle.

inspiration

decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity will result in ____.

expiration

identify the two aspects of the respiratory cycle.

inspiration and expiration

A person expelling air while yelling is performing _____ breathing.

forced

Alveolar gas exchange describes the exchange of gases across the:

respiratory membrane of the alveoli

True or false: The nasal cavity and trachea are part of the anatomic dead space.

True

The exchange of gases (o2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary network between the blood and the body cells is called:

systemic gas exchange

Describe the action of carbonic anhydrase.

converts carbon dioxide to carbonic acid

___ bronchi supply air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung.

tertiary

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

one

secondary bronchi channel the flow of air amongst the ____.

lobes of the lung

_____ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.

acidosis

Clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates an underlying physiological problem. It indicates:

oxygen deficiency

Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity?

Nostrils, Nares

Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate?

Nasopharynx

The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.

larynx

Where is the trachea located?

anterior to the esophagus

The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

base

The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______.

choanae

The anterior nasal apertures are also called

nostrils

Are ridges along the nasal cavity, not openings at the back

conchae

Are the anterior nasal apertures

nares

The ______ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.

nasopharynx

________starts at the soft palate and continues inferiorly until the pharynx reaches the epiglottis.

Oropharynx

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following?

Producing speech

Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?

Trachea

Which aspect of the lung is known as the apex?

superior

aspect of the lung is the mediastinal surface.

Medial

aspect of the lung is called the costal surface.

Anterior

The base is the _____aspect of the lung.

Inferior

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?

Pleura

is the inferior portion of the pharynx which begins at the level of the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus and the larynx.

Laryngopharynx

is an elastic cartilage structure which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing.

Epiglottis

is the mid-portion of the pharynx just posterior to the oral cavity, extending from the soft palate to the hyoid bone.

Oropharynx

Which are functions of the larynx?

To produce sound, To keep food and drink out of the airway

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.

inspiration

The________ is located inferior to (below) the larynx.

Trachea

The________ is located within the mediastinum.

trachea

The pleurae are which type of membrane?

serous

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?

Diaphragm

The auditory tubes open in the ______.

nasopharynx

Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.

expiration

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

True or false: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.

False

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?

Intercostals, Diaphragm

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

Brainstem

True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

True

Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange?

Anatomical dead space

is the volume of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.

Forced expiratory volume

is the volume of air that a person can exhale with maximum effort following a normal, tidal exhalation.

Expiratory reserve volume

An average tidal volume is about ______ mL of air.

500

Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?

Coughing

What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below.

Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Water vapor

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?

150mL

volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory

Tidal

Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?

Eupnea

is a cessation of breathing.

Apnea

is a rapid form of breathing.

Tachypnea

is active breathing.

Hyperpnea

Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?

Nitrogen

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?

Alveolar gas exchange