FDC Midterms

What is the exchange of data between two devices via some sort of a transmission media?

Data Communications

What are the five components of a data communications system?

Message, Sender, Receiver, Transmission Medium, Protocol\n

What are the four fundamental characteristics of an effective data communications system?

Delivery, Accuracy, Timeliness, Jitter\n

What is the term used to represent information presented in any agreed upon form?

Data\n

What is a set of rules that govern data communications and represents an agreement between communicating devices?

Protocol

What is the most prevalent coding system used to represent text symbols in data communications?

Unicode\n

How are numbers represented in data communications?

Directly converted to binary numbers\n

How are images represented in data communications?

As a matrix of pixels assigned with bit patterns\n

What is the term for the recording or broadcasting of sound or music in data communications?

Audio\n

What is the term for the recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie in data communications?

Video\n

What are the three types of data flow in communication between two devices?

Simplex, Half-Duplex, Full-Duplex

How is communication characterized in simplex mode?

Unidirectional, one device can only transmit while the other can only receive.\n

What is an example of a simplex device?

Keyboard or traditional monitor\n

How is communication characterized in half-duplex mode?

Bidirectional, but both devices cannot transmit and receive simultaneously.\n

What is an example of a half-duplex system?

Walkie-talkies or CB radios.\n

How is communication characterized in full-duplex mode?

Simultaneous bidirectional communication.\n

What is an example of a full-duplex system?

Telephone network.

What is a network?

The interconnection of devices capable of communication

What are the criteria that a network must meet?

Performance, reliability, and security

How can performance be measured in a network?

Transit time and response time

What are the two networking metrics used to evaluate performance?

Throughput and delay

What is reliability in a network?

Measurement of accuracy of delivery, frequency of failure, time for link recovery, and robustness in a catastrophe

What issues does network security address?

Unauthorized access, data protection, and policies for recovery from breaches and data losses

What are the two types of connections in a network?

Point-to-point and multipoint

Describe point-to-point connection.

Dedicated link between two devices across cable or wireless media

Describe multipoint connection.

Multiple devices share a single link either spatially or temporally

What does physical topology refer to?

The way in which devices and links are laid out physically in a network

Name the four basic topologies possible in physical topology.

Mesh, star, bus, and ring

What is a mesh topology?

Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device

What are the advantages of a mesh topology?

Guaranteed data load per connection, robustness, privacy/security, and easy fault identification and isolation

What are the disadvantages of a mesh topology?

Difficult installation and reconnection, bulky wiring, and expensive hardware requirements

Give an example of where mesh topology is commonly implemented.

Connection of telephone regional offices

What is a star topology?

Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link to a central controller (hub)

What are the advantages of a star topology?

Less expensive than mesh, easy installation and reconfiguration, robustness for fault identification and isolation

What is the main disadvantage of a star topology?

Dependency on the central hub; if it fails, the whole system goes down

Where is a star topology commonly used?

Local-area networks (LANs) with high-speed connections

Describe a bus topology.

Multipoint connection with one long cable acting as the backbone that links all devices

What are the advantages of a bus topology?

Ease of installation, efficient cabling with drop lines connected to backbone cable

What are the disadvantages of a bus topology?

Difficult reconnection and fault isolation, signal reflection causing degradation in quality

When was bus topology commonly used in LAN design?

In early local-area networks; traditional Ethernet LANs still use it but less popular now

Explain ring topology.

Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with neighboring devices; signal passed along in one direction until reaching destination

What are the advantages of ring topology?

Easy installation and reconfiguration, simplified fault isolation with continuous circulating signal

What is a disadvantage of ring topology?

A break in the ring can disable the entire network; solved by using dual ring or switch

What are the criteria for distinguishing different types of networks?

"size, geographical coverage, and ownership

What is a local area network (LAN)?

A network that is usually privately owned and connects hosts in a single office, building, or campus

What is the purpose of a switching in a LAN?

To connect networks to form an internetwork

What is a wide area network (WAN)?

"A network that has a wider geographical span than a LAN and interconnects connecting devices such as switches, routers, or modems

What is a point-to-point WAN?

"A network that connects two communicating devices through a transmission media

What is switched WAN?

A network with more than two ends that is used in the backbone of global communication

What is an internetwork?

"When two or more networks are connected, they make an internetwork, or internet

Describe circuit-switched network

"A dedicated connection called a circuit is always available between the two end systems. Switch can only make it active or inactive

Describe packet-switched network

The communication between two ends is done in blocks of data called packets. Switches have both storing and forwarding capabilities

What is the most notable internet called?

The Internet

Name three types of networks that can be used to access the Internet.

Dial-up service, DSL service, Cable Networks, Wireless networks

What is the main idea behind the Internet?

the Internet is a global network that allows communication and sharing of information

What was the first theory of packet switching presented?

Leonard Kleinrock presented the theory of packet switching in 1961

When was ARPANET created?

ARPANET was created in 1969 with four connected nodes

Who developed the protocols for end-to-end delivery of data?

Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed the protocols for end-to-end data delivery

It is a collection of websites and web pages accessible via the Internet.

World Wide Web

What is a working document (a work in progress) with no official status and a six-month lifetime?

Internet draft\n

What is the first level of maturity for an RFC?

Proposed standard\n

What is the second level of maturity for an RFC?

Draft standard\n

What is the third level of maturity for an RFC?

Internet standard\n

What are RFCs that have been superseded by later specifications or have never become an internet standard called?

Historic\n

What does an experimental RFC describe?

Work related to an experimental situation that does not affect the operation of the Internet.\n

What does an informational RFC contain?

General, historical, or tutorial information related to the Internet.

Which requirement level labels an RFC as required if it must be implemented by all Internet systems to achieve minimum conformance?

Required\n\nWhich requirement level labels an RFC as not required for minimum conformance but recommended because of its usefulness? Recommended

What type of organization is ISOC?

International, nonprofit organization \n

What does the IAB oversee?

Continuing development of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite\n

What is the purpose of the IETF?

Identifying operational problems and proposing solutions\n

What does the IRTF focus on?

Long-term research topics related to Internet protocols, applications, architecture, and technology.

What forum of working groups is managed by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)?

IETF\n

What does the IETF develop and review?

Specifications intended as Internet standards

What is the purpose of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)?

Focus on long-term research topics related to internet protocols, applications, architecture, and technology.\n\n

What is a thoroughly tested specification that is useful to and adhered to by those who work with the Internet?

Internet standard

What is the strict procedure by which a specification attains Internet standard status?

Begins as an Internet draft, published as RFC after recommendation, demonstrates successful implementation.\n

How many maturity levels are there for an RFC?

Six \n

What does a proposed standard become after at least two successful independent and interoperable implementations?

Draft standard\n

What is the highest maturity level for an RFC?

Internet standard

A type of Components of Data Communcation as the data itself.

Message

A type of Components of Data Communcation device sending the idea

Sender

A type of Components of Data Communcation Recieving the Data.

Reciever

A type of Components of Data Communcation as a pathway of different communication to occur

Transmission Media

A type of Components of Data Communication as the rules and laws to communicate effectively.

Protocol

It is a Characteristic of Data Communication where data musti be submitted right to its user.

Delivery

It is a Characteristic of Data Communication where the message must be true between devices

Accuracy

It is a Characteristic of Data Communication where message must send in a timely manner.

Timeliness

It is a Characteristic of Data Communication where variation of packets takes place.

Jitter

A type of Maturity Level of RFC where the lowest standard that is not yet being implemented yet.

Proposed Standard

A type of Maturity Level of RFC where the lowest level of standard elevated for successfull implementation

Draft Standard

What is the meaning of IRTF

Internet Research Task Force

What is the meaning of IETF?

Internet Engineering Task Force

What is the meaning of IAB?

Internet Architecture Board

What is the meaning of ISOC?

Internet Society

It is a non-profit organization specialized on Internet Standards

Internet Society

It is known as the advisor of the ISOC

IAB

They are the numerous groups for identification of different engineering processes of a network.

IETF

It is a forum of different groups managed for long-term research related topics on Networking

IRTF

What is protocol layering?

A protocol defines the rules that both the sender and receiver and all intermediate devices need to follow to be able to communicate effectively. Protocol layering is when a complex communication task is divided into different layers, with a protocol at each layer.

Give an example of a simple scenario where communication occurs in only one layer.

Communication between two neighbors who have a lot in common, taking place face to face in the same language.