Anatomy exam 1

Organs found in the left upper quadrant

pancreas, kidney, spleen, gut/stomach, liver

Organs found in the right upper quadrant

liver & gall bladder, kidney, gut

Organs found in the lower right and left quadrants

Gut, ureter

4 basic types of tissue:

epithelium

connective

muscle

neural

4 main functions of epithelia

**P**rotection

**A**bsorption

**S**ecretion

**E**xcretion

5 main characteristics of epithelial

cellular

polarity

basement membrane

avascular

regeneration

Mucous membranes line

cavities that are exposed to the external environments

serous membrane lines

organs and body cavities, produces lubricant

Synovial membrane lines

joint cavities

cutaneous membranes cover

the body; thick, waterproof, and abrasion resistant

3 basic components of connective tissue

highly specialized **cells**

non-cellular **matrix**

extra-cellular **fibers**

proper connective tissue include

loose ct, dense regular ct, dense irregular ct, elastic ct

loose connective tissue

fills space between organs

3 types of loose tissue

adipose

reticular

areolar

Adipose ct

cushion, insulator, storage medium

Reticular

fibrous mesh: lymph-nodes and bone marrow

Areolar ct

fibrous mesh: fascia and underlies epithelia

dense regular ct

dense collagen fiber network, fibers run parallel= tensile support, found in tendons and ligaments poorly vascularized

dense irregular ct

fibers make a chaotic meshwork, capable of multidirectional tension, wrapped bones (periosteum)

Elastic ct

fiber directions mostly straight, very stretchy

supporting connective tissues include

bone, cartilage

fluid-based connective tissue included

blood and lymph

8 functions of the skin

**protection** from abrasion

**prevention** of water loss and temperature regulation

**synthesis** of vitamin D

**sensory** reception

communication of **emotions**

**storage** of fat

**excretion**

Layers of Epidermis from superficial to deep

Stratum Germinativum

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

Layers of the dermis

Papillary and reticular

Papillary layer

distorts epidermis (finger prints), contain capillary loops, contain sensory receptors

reticular layer

dense irregular ct fibers, supports BV, lymph, nerve endings and glands

Hyponychium

anterior boundary of nail (free edge)

Eponychium

(cuticle on nail)=stratum corneum

Lunula

white area under cuticle

Nail root

fold of the epithelium- point of growth

Vellus hair

(peach fuzz) hair that cover most of the body

Terminal hair

head that covers the head, some parts of body, eyebrows and eyelashes (corse hair)

endocrine glands

release cell products directly into intercellular fluid and blood supply

exocrine glands

secretions released from the epithelial surface into small ducts that empty to the lumen of the GI tract of skin surface

Merocrine glands

cell products don’t accumulate and immediately released to the outside of the gland Ex: Watery sweat, salivary glands

apocrine glands

cell products accumulate at the distal end of the cell and are released together with small amounts of the cell itself Ex: stinky sweat, sweat glands

holocrine glands

cell fragments released from the gland cells must be replaced by mitosis afterwards ex: sebaceous glands

Ceruminous glands produce

cerumen (ear wax)

Mammary glands are what type/s of glands and where did the evolve from

apocrine/merocrine and evolved from apocrine glands on the body wall

Ceruminous glands are what type/s of glands and where did they evolve from

apocrine/holocrine and evolved from apocrine sweat glands in the ear canal

sebaceous gland functions

waterproofs and moisturizes hair, provides resistance to bacteria/fungal growth

Rosacea

sebaceous gland hyperplasia, inflammation gives rosy appearance

Cyanosis

oxygen deficit makes bluish tinge to thin skin

decubitis ulcer

pressure ulcer from chronic lack of blood supply

seborrheic dermatitis

dandruff, inflammation of over active sebaceous glands

hyaline cartilage

collagen fibers attached to end of bones, joint surfaces and **developing bone**

fibrocartilage

densely interwoven collagen fibers, pubic symphysis

5 functions of bone tissue

Structural support

Storage of minerals and lipids

Blood cell production

Protection

Leverage

medullary cavity

cavity within the diaphysis that houses bone marrow

Intra membranous ossification

**fibroblasts** differentiate into osteoblasts, **osteoblasts** lay down the bone matrix, trapped osteoblasts become **osteocytes** Membrane→bone

Endo-chondral ossification

**Fibroblasts** differentiate into chondroblasts, **chondroblasts** produce a **hyaline cartilage** matrix, cartilage grows to make a **model**, cuts off blood supply, and **fibroblasts** in periosteum become osteoblasts, **osteoblasts** lay down the new bone matrix, cartilage is replaced with spongy bone membrane→cartilage→bone

features on the scapula

Coracoid process, acromion process

features on the humerus

greater and lesser tubercules, medial and lateral epicondyles, capitulum, trochlea, olecranon and coronoid fossae

features on the ulna

olecranon and coronoid processes, styloid process

feautures on the radius

radial tuberosity, ulnar notch, styloid process

features on the femur

greater and lesser trochanters, linea aspera (posterior), adductor tubercle, medial and lateral epicondyles, medial and lateral condyles

Features on the tibia

medial and lateral condyles, medial malleolus, tibial tuberosity, anterior crest

kyphosis

exaggerated outward curvature in the sagittal plane (hunch back)

Lordosis

exaggerated inward curvature of the spine

scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

osteopathic scoliosis

curvature due to done disease

myopathic scoliosis

curvature due to muscle weakness

paralytic scoliosis

curvature due to muscle paralysis

we have ______ true ribs

7

we have _____ false ribs

3

we have ____ floating ribs

2

anterior longitudinal ligaments

run down anterior side of spine, prevents hyperextension

posterior longitudinal ligaments

Run down posterior side of spine, prevent hyperflexion

ligamentum flavum run between

adjacent lamina

intervertebral discs contain

nucleus pulposus which is surrounded by annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

the soft, gelatinous central portion of the intervertebral disk that moves within the disk with changes in posture

annulus fibrosus

the tough circular exterior of the intervertebral disc that surrounds the soft inner core, the nucleus pulposus

osteopenia

osteoblasts become less active bone become thin/weak

osteoporosis

bone mass decreases to the point where normal function is compromised

what structures are located on the tympanic portion of the temporal bone

external auditory meatus, styloid + mastoid processes

what structures are located on the petrous portion of the temporal bone

internal auditory meatus, carotid canal - jugular fossa & foramen

fetal skull has now many ossification centers

110+

neonate skull has approximately how many bones

45

____ is the type of flat bone that make up the braincase, inner and outer surfaces

diploe

supernumerary ribs

more ribs than, can cause problems with nerves, brachial plexus and blood vessels

spina bifida

displacement of spinal cord leads to a wide range of paralytic states, the lamina is missing and crest is gone on vertebra

brachydactyly

short fingers

polydactyly

supernumerary digits

syndactyly

fusion of digits

polymelia

supernumerary limbs

sirenomelia

fusion of hind limbs

phocomelia

absence/dysplasia of limb segments

amelia

complete absence of limbs

talipes equinovarus

distorted ankle/foot due to limb position in utero (clubfoot)

hydrocephalus

accumulation of fluid (CSF) expands the fetal brain. Ossification does not keep pace with expansion of the head, e.g., the cranial vault is therefore thin/brittle and deformed.

microcephalus

hypoplasia of brain/stem and a normal face, cranium underdeveloped

anencephalus

catastrophic loss of brain/stem with normal face, brain is not developed

craniosynostosis

premature sutural fusion leads to a variety of skull deformities

scaphocephaly

sagittal skull deformity, “boat”

Brachycephaly

coronal skull deformity

acrocephaly

coronal and lambdoidal skull deformity

achondroplasia

achondroplastic dwarfism (congenital), cartilages in braincase/long bones do not grow correctly, premature fusion of epi-/diaphyses and the floor of braincase = short bones, prominent forehead, retracted nasal bridge

madibulofacial dysostosis

family of gross malformations of the face/throat

Microstomia, Microtia, Anotia, Hemifacial microsomia are a type of madibulofacial dysostosis that causes

malformation of the jaw/ear