PSYC EXAM 2 RVW

dispositonal

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mental disorder, according to the DSM-5?

• distressing

• dyfunctional 

• deviant

• dispositional

Dysfunctional

interrupts functioning and developmental/biological processes (maladaptive)

Distressing

symptoms cause emotional stress or negative feelings for the individual or others

Deviant

behaviors are either socially or statistically abnormal when compared to the population the individual belongs to

Dangerous

behavior that is a threat to oneself or others

Duration

related to requirements that symptoms persist for a certain amount of time in order to be considered clinical (does not necessarily apply to all disorders)

DSM-V-TR

the manual used by clinicians to diagnose psychological disorders

positive symptom

describes behavior that is exaggerated or more excessive that normal behavior

negative symptom

describes behavior that is deficient or absent compared to normal behavior.

examples of positive symptoms

False beliefs or imagined perception: hallucinations, grandiosity, excessive speech, hyperactivity, etc.

examples of negative symptoms

catatonic behavior or lack of verbal ability: catatonia, flat affect, lack of emotional experiences, nonverbal, etc.

A psychological disorder is defined as:

a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Bipolar disorders

primarily characterized by significant cycling between very

high (mania/hypomania) and very low (depression) states of mood. Cycles may

vary in length and frequency. Mania (BP1) is defined by clinically significant

distractibility, indiscrete or impulsive behaviors, grandiosity, flight of ideas, high

energy/activity, lack of sleep, and/or excessive talkativeness (DIGFAST) for at least one week; hypomania (BP2) is defined by similar symptoms that last at least

4 days but less than a week.

The key feature of bipolar disorder

 substantial fluctuations between very high and very low moods.

The key feature of psychotic disorder

 patients have an inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions.

Schizophrenia

psychotic disorder characterized by significant emotion, thought, and behavior disturbances such as delusions, hallucinations, word salad, disorganized thoughts, mutism, and flat affect.

The key feature of neurodevelopmental disorders

 onset begins during childhood development.

Autism spectrum disorder

neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by

severe language and social impairment, repetitive or ritualistic habits, and inward-

focused behaviors such as stimming, delayed/repetitive speech, and lack of eye

contact

ADHD

neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the inability to focus

attention for more than a few minutes and/or the inability to sit still and focus due

to inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are beyond the control of the

individual.

The key feature of anxiety disorders

maladaptive levels of anxiety and arousal.

Generalized anxiety disorder

anxiety disorder characterized by persistent and excessive anxiety (related to stressors or events that would not normally cause excessive anxiety) lasting at least six months.

Borderline personality disorder

characterized by impulsive behavior/emotions, idealization, and a

severe fear of abandonment or rejection.

Histrionic personality disorder

characterized by an extreme need for attention that causes mood swings, wild behaviors, and compulsive exaggerating/lying.

Narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by a grandiose self-image and an exploitative nature.

Antisocial personality disorder

characterized by a lack of empathy and other emotional experiences that can cause harmful or exploitative behaviors, ruthlessness, and problems with impulse control.

Example: April has an unrealistically high self-image and believes her wants, needs, and opinions are more important than other people's. She is willing to exploit others if it means achieving her own goals.

Narcissistic personality disorder

Example: Izzy experiences low arousal and does not typically feel strong emotions. She struggles to maintain relationships because of her cold disposition and tendency to be manipulative of others. She often seeks out high-risk activities and is referred to by her family members as a "thrill-seeker."

Antisocial personality disorder

Example: George embellishes every story he tells with untrue details, acts out in sometimes dangerous ways, and becomes frustrated when he is not the center of attention.

Histrionic personality disorder

Example: Mark is deeply afraid of being abandoned by his loved ones. When his partner attempted to break up with him due to his impulsive and erratic behaviors, Mark drank an entire bottle of vodka and called his partner in a state of drunkenness in an attempt to regain his attention.

borderline personality disorder

Example: Tim cannot be alone. His moods and behaviors are unstable, as are his relationships with other people. He often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Tim wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to his girlfriend, knowing she would be concerned.

Which of the following diagnoses may account for his behavior?

borderline personality disorder

Erotomanic

belief that one is loved by another person, often famous or of high

status.

Grandiose

belief that one is more important, special, or powerful than they are

in reality; may include beliefs that they have some special power, a connection

with God/a higher power, that they are famous, or that they have some great talent

or knowledge that others do not.

Jealous

unfounded belief that a loved one has been unfaithful or is planning a

betrayal.

Persecutory

belief that one is being conspired against, followed, or threatened,

often by an organization that may or may not exist.

Somatic

delusions related to the body; belief that one’s skin is diseased, one’s

body is infected with bugs or parasites, or that one’s limb does not belong on their

body.

Example: Pat has delusional disorder, and believes that he is in a romantic relationship with Jennifer Anniston. Despite having never met her, Pat believes Jennifer is in love with him.

What type of delusion is this patient experiencing?

erotomanic

Example: Steve is experiencing the delusion that he has been chosen by God to carry out a mission on earth. He believes he is capable of predicting the future and changing the world using only the powers of his mind, and that he represents the second coming of Christ.

What type of delusion is this patient experiencing?

grandiose

Example: Molly is a patient in a psychiatric hospital. She was admitted after telling her counselor that she had been feeling sad and unmotivated for the past two weeks, and had begun contemplating suicide. After being admitted, Molly was prescribed a serotonin reuptake inhibitor to increase the amount of serotonin in her system.

Molly would most likely be diagnosed with:

major depressive disorder.

In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder,         [ Select ] are ritualistic and repetitive behaviors that occur because they help to alleviate unwanted and distressing         [ Select ] 

compulsions; obsessions

Obsessions

repetitive, distressing thoughts that may relate to taboo thoughts,

cleanliness, order, or completion of a task; often the ____ reflects a threat – if

the individual does not do _________, a family member may be harmed or

something terrible will happen.

Compulsions

the repetitive or ritualistic behaviors the individual is compelled to

to perform in order to alleviate the obsessions. People with OCD link these

behaviors to their obsessions, and once the compulsions provide relief from the

thoughts, they will continue to perform the behaviors

List the principles of ethics from the APA

• Informed consent

• Confidentiality

• Deception

• Debriefing

(APA) Informed consent

participants must know the requirements and risks of

participating and must retain the right to withdraw consent at any time.

(APA) Confidentiality

all data must remain confidential and, whenever possible,

anonymous.

(APA) Deception

must be used sparingly and only in cases where there are no other

options; should never cause harm or trauma, and participations must be

notified of it as soon as possible after the study is completed.

(APA) Debriefing

participants should be informed of the purpose and methods of the

study following its completion, and should know who to contact if they have

questions regarding their participation.

Example: In a study of light perception, Angela asks participants to view a series of flashing lights through a scope. She fails to notify participants ahead of time that the study will involve flashing lights, which could be dangerous for participants with epilepsy or a history of seizures.

Which APA principle of ethics is Angela in violation of?

informed consent

List The principles of the Belmont Report and the Tuskegee Study

• Respect for persons

• Beneficence

• Justice

Respect for persons

all people should have rights to their autonomy, and those

who cannot consent (children, the elderly, people with certain disabilities, etc.)

must be protected from exploitation.

Example: How did the Tuskegee Study violate respect for persons?

When the Tuskegee research team recruited participants for their syphilis

study, they lied about the nature of the study; participants, therefore, could

not truly consent because they did not know what they were consenting to.

Beneficience

the top priority of the researcher must always be the wellbeing of

their participants (and the benefits of the study must be provably higher than the

costs)

Example: How did the Tuskegee Study violate beneficence?

The Tuskegee researchers continued their study even after a cure for

syphilis had been discovered; they neglected to provide the treatment to

their participants and ultimately caused immeasurable harm.

Justice

ensures participants are chosen fairly; researchers should not target

vulnerable or less-privileged populations for risky research, nor should they only

target privileged populations for research that is potentially beneficial.

Example: How did the Tuskegee Study violate justice?

The Tuskegee research was targeted toward black men who lived in

poverty and could not otherwise have afforded “treatment” for their

illness.

Researchers should not offer the change to participate in beneficial

research only to wealthy or privileged individuals.

placebo (control bias)

a fake substance, treatment, or procedure with no known direct effects; substances with no known effects that are used in place of the treatment in certain studies (esp. medical trials) to control for participant expectations

Random assignment (control bias)

aims to minimize the effect of individual differences between participants by randomly assigning them to a group; to ensure experimental groups are as even and similar to each other as possible.

Order and list the steps of scientific method:

1. Observe (Identify Problem)

2. Predict (Create Hypothesis)

3. Test (Conduct Experiment)

4. Interpret (Analyze Results)

5. Communicate (Report Findings)

Observe

The researcher identifies a problem they would like to know more about.

Predict

The researchers forms a hypothesis about what they believe they will learn from their study; the outcome of a study by forming a testable hypothesis based on existing research

Test

The researcher conducts their experiment, observation, survey, etc. and gathers data; the hypothesis by designing a study to collect unbiased and objective data.

Interpret

The researcher analyzes the data they collected and looks for patterns or significant differences between groups; the data using statistical analysis and assessing whether the hypothesis was supported or not supported.

Communicate

The researchers reports their findings and shares their results with the scientific community through journals and other publications; your results to the rest of the scientific community through peer-reviewed publishing, so that others may benefit from it.

Case study (research study)

an in-depth investigation of information regarding a single individual or a small group.

Correlational study (research study)

gathering data on two or more variables to assess their relationship (or association) to one another; exists when the two variables change at a similar rate but this does not prove there is a cause-and-effect relationship between specific, controlled variables

Experiment (research study)

manipulation of one or more variables in a controlled setting to determine whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship between them

 naturalistic observation (research study)

psychologists systematically observe and record behaviors as they occur in their natural settings, without interference or manipulations

Hypothesis

specific, informed prediction about the outcome of a study that can be realistically measured/tested.

Variable

any aspect of a research study that can change, either because the

researchers manipulated it or because it is being affected by another variable.

Independent variable (predictor variable)

intentionally manipulated/changed by the researchers to measure its impact; the thing that is different between two or more experimental groups;

Dependent variable (outcome variable)

variable that is being measured to assess whether it was changed because of the independent variable, outcome depends on whether the independent effect

Example: In a study of light perception, Angela asks participants to view a series of flashing lights through a scope. She fails to notify participants ahead of time that the study will involve flashing lights, which could be dangerous for participants with epilepsy or a history of seizures.

Which APA principle of ethics is Angela in violation of?

informed consent

confounding variable

factor that affects all variables of interest in a study and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

 operational definition

description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

Freud’s Ide

Driven by the pleasure principle, impulsivity, and gratification. impulse

Frued’s Superego

Driven by the morality principle, rules, and laws. conscience

Frued’s Ego

Driven by the reality principle, attempting to find a middle ground between moral rules and unconscious urges. personality

Car Roger’s Ideal Self

Who you would like to be

Car Roger’s Real Self

whou you actually are

Car Roger’s Self-image

who you think you are

Carl Rogers Congruent

When these three elements align: ideal self, real self, self-image

Carl Roger’s Incongruence

occurs when your selves are not in alignment, and can

cause anxiety, defensiveness, lack of confidence, overconfidence, etc.

(Big 5) Openness to experience

how willing are you to try new things? Are you creative, imaginative, and curious or are you down-to-earth and conventional?

(Big 5) Conscientiousness

are you organized, or negligent? Hard working, or lazy? Do you show up on time or are you often late?

(Big 5) Extraversion

how outgoing are you? Do you enjoy talking to people, or do you prefer to keep to yourself? Do you join the group, or shy from the spotlight?

(Big 5) Agreeableness

how well do you get along with others? Are you trusting, or

suspicious? Are you good-natured and kind, or are you irritable and aggressive?

(Big 5) Neuroticism

how anxious are you? Do your emotions run wild, or can you keep

your cool? Are you high-strung, or even-tempered?

Neuroticism and extraversion

make up Eysenck’s personality dimensions, and he argued that both are influenced by our biology (cortical arousal at rest and sensory threshold). According to Eysenck, the two dimensions of personality are:

(Eysenck’s four temperaments) Cholerics

bossy, domineering, and optimistic (high in extraversion

and neuroticism)

(Eysenck’s four temperaments) Sanguines

easygoing, social, and good leaders (high in E, low in N)

(Eysenck’s four temperaments) Melancholies

rigid, anxious, and pessimistic (low in E, high in N)

(Eysenck’s four temperaments) Phlegmatics

calm, passive, and shy (low in E and N)

Eysenck theorized that introverted people prefer isolation and quiet because they have a [ Select ] threshold for stimulation and are prone to [ Select ] levels of cortical arousal even when they are in a quiet environment.

low; high

Alfred Adler’s main contributions to personality theory?

research on birth order

Example: Lydia is easily overwhelmed when she is around other people. In general, she tends to be pessimistic and moody, and does not enjoy being around other people too often.

According to Eysenck, which temperament does Lydia's behavior best reflect?

melancholic

Example: Stiles is highly social, outgoing, and laid back. He enjoys working with other people and is a good team player. People describe him as friendly and a good leader.

According to Eysenck, which temperament does Stiles' behavior best reflect?

sanguine

Example While in a session with his therapist, Andy is having trouble opening up about his divorce. In an attempt to ease him into the discussion, his therapist shows him a photo of a man and a woman facing each other. The therapist asks Andy to tell her what the people in the photo might be saying to each other.

The therapist is using which kind of test?

Thematic Apperception Test

Trait

theories of personality development emphasize the enduring collection of basic tendencies people have to behave in a particular way.

According to Carl Rogers, __________________ is an important part of achieving one's ideal self because it involves feeling accepted by others no matter what.

unconditional positive regard

Freud, Adler, and other psychoanalytic researchers had differing theories of personality, but all psychoanalytic theories emphasize the idea that personality is largely driven by __________________ motives.

unconscious

Example: Monique becomes overwhelmed very easily. Her schedule is chaotic, and she struggles to stay on top of her responsibilities and her emotions. Her friends describe her as "high-strung."

Big 5?

Neuroticism