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2 commonly used sampling schemes

transect & quadrat sampling

relative abundance

Shannon wiener index

measure of species richness and evenness

2 ways to analyze diversity

1) total number of species, or S
2) Shannon

Rarefraction plots

2 broad categories

1)autotrophs
2)heterotrophs

2 methods of autotrophy

1)photosynthesis

heterotrophs

Cellular metabolism

2 types of digestion

1)extracellular: takes place outside of cells/ digestion in gut cavity (us)
2)intracellular:when digestive products are absorbed into the cells that line the gut (single celled organisms)

biosynthesis

food provides carbon chains to make new compounds

Cellular respiration

Surface area:volume

levels of oxygen

much greater in air vs water

3 types of vegetative organs in plants

vegetative\= nonreproductive

leaves

\=specialized for photosynthesis, waxy to prevent drying

stems

\=specialized to transport water and nutrients, supports tissue

roots

\=specialized to take up water and nutrients

Plants have 2 types of vascular tissue

1)xylem: moves water and nutrients from roots to shoots
2) phloem: circulates sugars and amino acids throughout plant

Plant grows because of

\= apical meristem

Macronutrients

elements needed in high amounts
ex: O, N,C H

Mineral deficiencies

lack of Mg\= yellowing leaves
immobile elements\= calcium and iron

Flowers

\=sexual organs of plants

2 ways to cope with extreme habitats

1)adaptation: evolve specializations to match conditions/ affects whole group/ genotypic
2)acclimation: ability to alters one's phenotype/ much faster/ temporary adaptation

Tropisms

Phenotypic plasticity

Feeding by single celled organisms

2 types of guts

1) blind guts/ 2 way guts: saclike gutsm 1 opening and anything that cannot be digested is released via the mouth
2)complete guts/ 1 way: continous, 2 openings: mouth and anus
*more S.A.\= more opportunity to absorb nutrients

Heterotrophs (what they eat vs how)

What?
1)herbivores 2)carnivores 3) omnivores 4) detritivores 5)scavenegers
How?
1)predators 2) suspension feeders (collect particles suspended in water) 3) deposit feeders ( collect food that has fallen)

Teeth of heterotrophs

homodont dentition: rows of identical teeth

saprotrophs

\=feeding on decaying organisms

Disadvantage of high S.A

density

\=\# of individuals present in a certain area

intraspecific competition

density

dependent processes

finite rate of increase

\=\# of individuals produced per existing individuals

availability of food and space

is determined by the quality of the environment but is also affected by local pop density

nonevolving vs evolving pops

nonevolving: the frequency of alleles and genotypes in the offspring will be the same as in the parent
evolving: allele frequencies change across generations

Driving force behind adaptation

NATURAL SELECTION

fitness

describes the \# of an individual's offspring that survives to reproduce
*what matters to evolution is an individuals relative fitness: \# of offspring that survive to reproduce in comparison to pop average

Examples of components of fitness

ex: height, flower number, flower size and seed size

3 conditions for natural selection

1)traits are variable
2)variation is heritable
3)struggle for existence

adaptation

trait that increases fitness

How many eye color genotypes could there be if one gene has 2 alleles?

Evolution

occurs at population level

3 situations where small pops are vulnerable to the effects of genetic drift

1)small pops with very little habitat for expansion
2)population bottlenecks (short

Quantitative (polygenic) traits

Shannon

Wiener index

In your own words, explain what is pi. Why are you adding up multiple values of pi?

pi \= the number of individuals of a species divided by the total number of individuals of all species. We are adding up multiple values of pi because there are multiple species present.

If you calculated H' \= 0, what does this tell you about the habitat? What must be true in order to calculate H' \= 0

only 1 species present

When choosing areas to sample, why was it important to randomize? How did you randomize your sampling?

Randomizing eliminates our own biases as we might choose a sample with the most or fewest individuals (depending how motivated we are). You can randomize in a number of ways using random number tables, rolling dice etc.

Describe the difference between a transect and a quadrat?

A transect is a line you draw through the habitat where you sample at regular or random intervals. A quadrat is a known area that you sample—it is not linear.

Why might a digestive system have a high surface area to volume ratio?

An increased surface area is essential because it allows for more efficient nutrient absorption.

Larger SA:V

Faster the heat loss

mixotroph?

organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon

Decomposer or saprobes

parasites

Fungie generally called

Biotrophs

Density Independent

does not matter what the population size is in order for
there to be an effect on the population
ex:fire

Competition

example of density

Nt\=Nt

1 + B

What would happen to Nt if B is
greater than D? If B is less than D? If B \= D?

What is the finite rate of increase per day?

How many individuals are added to the population per day.

What is a t

test?

Why would there never be an unfertilized egg with the genotype EeSs?

Unfertilized eggs are haploid cells. EeSs depicts a diploid cell.

Disruptive selection

gives 2 distinct phenotypes

Which one of the following proxies would provide our best estimate of fitness?

\# of seeds produced

Calculate Shannon Wiener H prime

H'\= p1(Log2p1) + p2(Log2p2) + ...

pi\= species \#/total \#
logsPi\= (Pi)(3.322)

Phenotypic variation

must have a genetic basis (be heritable)

Measure evolution

by looking at genetic frequencies

Fitness

\=reproductive success

With natural selection, pop growth, evolution & speciation

interested in pops of only 1 species

Phenotype

is interacting with other organisms, dealing with weather, & competing for fodo

ex of directional selection

going from a large sized fish to a small fish

Error bars & T bars

help us decide whether or not the averages we calculate are meaningful/ help us deal with variation

Unfertilized eggs

must be haploid

Having only 1 species

H'\=0

Species richness

\=\# of species @ a particular location & time

Density depedent factors could regulate

Rarefraction plots tell us

all of our data, not how many samples or how many individuals

Only plant requires

CO2, not animal or fungus

pH

Leaves have high surface area

because primarily for photosynthesis so it allows them to capture more light

Feeding structures

have lots of surface area to help them capture more food
*digestive and respiratory systems have a lot of surface area

pop remaining constant if

births\=deaths

finite rate of increase

pop @ some point later in time/ starting

How long is the object

3x magnification
conversion factor of .025, measured the object to be 40 mm units long.
\= 40(.025)

Sucession

experiments to study succession

succession

often proceeds through stages characterized by diff types of species/ sometimes quite distinct

unitary vs modular

unitary\=single individual (ex: daisy)
*most are modular\=made of multiple individuals

primary production (occurs in primary producers)

fixing of carbon from atmospheric CO2 into organic compounds by photosynthetic individuals
ex: single celled algae or multicellular plants

biomass

consumption of biological tissue volume

refuge

if a prey moves into a place where a predator cannot go

refuge in time

if a prey animal spends part of its life in a stage or phase where the predator cannot eat it

refuge in body size

central idea of speciation

new species form from subsets of existing species

species

able to interbreed or exchange genes

allopatric speciation