Biochem (ppt A)

Biochemistry

the science concerned with the chemical basis of life and with the various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms

Biochemistry

the study of chemistry of life (not just humans)

Biochemistry

deals with the chumical processes which go on a living matter

Biochemistry

study of the structure, composition, and unemical reactions substances in living systems (kaya different and ______ sa biology)

Biochemistry

a.k.a ‘metabolism’

Carl Alexander Neuburg

a german scientist who invented biochemistry

Carl Alexander Neuburg

according to him: "Everything that we do is a product of chemical reactions'

2 notable Breakthrough:

1. Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalyst
2. Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules

Enzymes

______ very Important; acts as catalyst

Catalysts

speeds up reaction

Nucleic Acids

where DNA is

information molecules

________ are genes

Flow of information:

DNA → RNA → Protein

Transcription

DNA → RNA

Translation

RNA → Protein

Metabolism

the summary of all chemical reactions

citric acid cycle

chemical reaction happening inside the metabolism

In 1937,

 Hans krebs discovered the citric acid cycle

In 1937,

Hans krebs won the hoble prize in physiology / medicine

in 1953,

 James Warson a Francis wick discovered the "DNA double hearts”

In 1962,

 James watson and trands crick won the noble price

In 1955,

 Fredrick sanger actermined the insulin sequence

in 1956,

 Fredrick sanger won the noble prize

In 1980,

 Fredrick Sanger and Walter Gilbert discovered the sequencing of the DNA; same year nila napanalo ang noble prize

sequencing of the DNA

_______ is different sa Double Helix; nagiidentify na meron talaga tayong genes

Gene Engineering

manipulation of gents or DNA

Gene Engineering

most common example is transgunic animal

Gene Engineering

di pedeng gawin sa tao

Scottish Blackface (cytoplasmic donor)

cytoplasm ang kunin

Finn-Dorset (nuclear donor)

sits ang iccone; ang kukunin ay nucleus

Enucleation

process ng pagtagtag ng nucleus

Direct Current Pulse

process ng pagtagtag ng sperm

Surrogate ewe

kamukha dapat nung nagdonate ng egg cell

Dolly

first cloned sheep

Cloning

100% ng DNA ang dapat idonate

Insulin

______ affects metabolism, carbonyarates, and lipids

Insulin

di pedeng idonate kasi wala tayong extra

Human Genome project

 from 1990 to 2003 (year of completion)

Biochemistry

study of structure and function of cellular components

Biochemistry

study of metabolism and regulation

Biochemistry

study of gene expression and modulation

cellular components:

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules

Nucleus

_______ controls the cells

Polymers

has 2 or more units

Polymers

has protein, nucleic acid, lipids

Polymers

_______ are assembled from single units called monomers

macromolecule

an assemblage of a different type of monomer.

Monomers

are single unit

Macromolecule: Carbohydrates

Monomer: Monosaccharide

Macromolecule: Lipids

Monomer: Not always polymers; Hydrocarbon chains

Macromolecule: Proteins

Monomer: Amino Acids

Macromolecule: Nucleic acids

Monomer: Nucleotides

Monosaccharide

a.k.a “simple sugar”

Lipids

contains fatty acids (HC chain) and steroids (ring)

Condensation Reaction

a.k.a “dehydration”

Condensation Reaction

the key chemical reaction

Condensation Reaction

process where a molecule of water is removed from two monomers

Short Polymer

may madaming Carbon

Monomers

isang Carbon lang

Carbon

central atom

Condensation Reaction

process of converting building blocks to macromolecule

Polysaccharide

from Simple sugar

Protein (peptide)

from Amino acid

RNA or DNA

from Nucleotide

Lipids

from Fatty acid

Anabolic

to ‘create‘ ; undergoes condensation or dehydration reaction

Catabolic

breaking down; undergoes ‘hydrolysis’

Hydrolysis

process of adding water

Metabolism

is a crucial part of growth, development and efficient functionality for the body

Metabolism

can be categorized into two types based on their functions: Catabolism and Anabolism.

Anabolism

creates molecules the body needs

Anabolism

uses energy in the process

Catabolism

breaks down complex molecules into smaller units

Catabolism

releases energy which is available for the body to use

Anabolism

a.k.a endergonic process

Anabolism

hormones involved are: estrogen, testosterone, growth hormones, and insulin

Anabolism

formation of polypeptides from amino acids, glucose forming glycogen ang etc

Anabolism

kinetic energy is converted into potential energy

Anabolism

required for maintenance, growth and storage

Catabolism

hormones involved in the process are adrenaline, caroline, glucagon, and cortisol

Catabolism

examples are proteins becoming amino acids, glycogen breaking down into glucose and triglycerides breaking up into fatty acids

Catabolism

potential energy is changed into kinetic energy

Catabolism

required to perform different activities in living entities

anabolic workout

focuses on building muscle mass

catabolic workout

focuses on shedding weight and burning more calories.

Cells

building blocks of tissues

Cells

highly organized and constant source of energy is required

DNA

Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism is encoded in the ________

Biomolecules

building blocks of cells.

50-95%

Water constitutes _______ of cells content by weight.

1%

Ions like Na+, K+ and Ca2+ may account for another ______

Organic

Almost all other kinds of biomolecules are _______

61\.6%

water constitutes ________ of the body weight

17\.0%

protein constitutes ________ of the body weight

13\.8%

lipids constitutes ________ of the body weight

1\.5%

carbohydrates constitutes ________ of the body weight

6\.1%

minerals constitutes ________ of the body weight

Monomeric Units (Level 1)

smallest unit

Macromolecules (Level 2)

di pa buhay

Supramolecular Complexes (Level 3)

di pa buhay