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acidophils

secrete somatotropin and prolactiin

basophils

secrete TSH, FSH, ACTH, LH. Note there are more acidophils than basophils. Chromophobes are most abundant.

macula densa

part of DCT, bead-like (dense nuclei) structure at vascular pole. Secretes renin which is a vasoconstricter. Key role in maintaining blood pressure.

vasa rectae

run along collecting tubules to supply nutrients to them, also exchange of water and electrolytes.

glomerulus

filtration of blood, only removing urine. Note fenestrated endothelium only allows small proteins through. Larger proteins e.g. albumin are retained.

Loop of Henle

further concentrate the glomerular filtrate by osmosis.

PCT

resorbs about 75% of water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins and sodium ions from glomerular filtrate.'

DCT

resorption of sodium and only a little water.

sertoli cells

supporting cells, phagocytise excess cytoplasm released by maturing sex cells

Leydig (interstitial) cells

lie between seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone.

seminiferous tubules

contain developing sperm cells

epididymis

stores sperm for maturation

prostate gland acini

secrete enzymes, acid phosphatase and fibrinolysin; watery substances rich in zinc and citric acid. Fibrinolysin liquefies the congealed sperm in the female, allowing it to move from the vagina to uterus.

glands of Littre

secrete mucous that lubricate the penile urethra

ciliary body

contains ciliary muscle that regulates len accomodation i.e. controls len thickness via zonula fibres

vitreous body

shock absorber

Bowman's membrane

provides strength, barrier to spread of infections

corneal endothelium

allows metabolic exchange between cornea and aqueous humor

ciliary epithelium

secretes aqueous humor

sphincter pupillae m.

contracts the pupil, determining its size.

canal of schlemm

drains the humor

ora serrata

transitiona between visual + non visual retina

Tarsal (Meibomian) gland

very large sebaceous glands with sebum-type secretions

apocrine sweat glands (Moll)

put out pheromomones

Sebaceous glands (zeis)

smaller sebaceous glands than Tarsal gland, on eyelid

fovea

area of greatest visual acuity

retinal pigment epithelium

absorption of light

mucosa (GIT)

reduce friction and provide protective barrier from enzymes that are released into lumen. (Prevents autodigestion and absorption of toxic substances into bloodstream). Muscularis mucosa helps to move food along.

submucosa (GIT)

Absorption of nutrients from GIT into bloodstream, meissner's plexus helps coordinate peristalsis and absoprtion. Lymphatic tissue attacks foreign substances, destorys bacteria.

muscularis externa (GIT)

Peristalsis

Serosa

helps suspend gut in thoracic and abdominal cavities by attaching itself to surrounding structures, keeps everything in relative position.

seminal vesicle

secretes alkaline fluid rich in fructose and other nutrients. Useful to spermatozoa and neutralises acidity of vaginal tract, prolonging sperm life.

Elastic lamellae

dampens force of the heartbeat and causes blood to flow evenly

Endothelium

exchange of gases, hormones, nutrients and disposal of metabolic wastes. Reduces friction.

Valves

prevent backflow

Arterioles

control systemic blood pressure and local blood flow

Purkinje fibres

In myocardium. Generate nervous impusles and conduct them through myocardium. Synchronise heart beat. Are the conduction system of the heart.

chordae tendieneae

pull back on the valces to prevent them from bulging out towards the atria when the ventricles contract.

Lymphatic

returns interstitial fluid back into venous system to heart. Also carries away large particular matter such as large proteins which cannnot be absorbed through blood capillaries.

Vasa vasorum

Provide nourishment to adventitia and outer parts of tunica media of large vessels e.g. oxygen and glucose.

Nervi vasorum

Innervate smooth muscle of blood vessel

Tunica adventitia

anchor and protect the blood vessel. Also supply blood vessel itself with blood.

Trabeculae carnae

prevent suction, smooth blood flow, reduce turbulence for more efficient pumping of blood.

Reticular fibres

surround the sinusoid, supporting the endothelial cells

Respiratory epithelium

moisten and protect airway, barrier to pathogens and foreign particles by secreting mucous, removal of particulate matter by cilia

respiratory bronchiole

gas exchange across alveolar wall

olfactory glands (Bowman's)

serous secretion to moisten olfactory epithelium and to wash away previous volatile molecules to respond to changing smell stimuli

venous sinuses

warm and humidify nasal area

nasal conchae

filtration, heating and humidification of inhaled iar

respiratory epithelium

has venous plexus that warm or cool inhaled air

paranasal sinuses (frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid)

humidify air and act as voice resonators

Vocal ligament and voluntary vocalis muscle

vary tension and length of vocal cords

pneumocyte type 2

produces surfactant. Crucial to function of neonatal lung, allowing alveoli to remain partially open (stabilises alveolus preventing collapse after exhalation). Decreases amount of energy needed to expand alveoli (since already partially open)

Macrophage (dust cell)

clean lungs of carbon and other dust-borne debris, invading bacteria, particulate matter etc.'

soft palate

closes of nasal passage when swallowing. When sneezing protects nasal passgage by divering a portion of mucus to mouth.

hard palate

provide firm, working surface for tongue. Helps speech and allows chewing while breathing.

vestibular fold

false vocal cord. Protect true vocal folds.

Epidermis

protection, cover, absorption of UV light for Vit. D, excretion via sweat glands, sensation (touch, pain, temperature), thermoregulation (blood radiation and sweat evaporation), UV protection via melanocytes

Stratum basale

mitotically active cells, replace the skin

Meissner's corpuscle

discriminative touch (mechanoreceptor)

Pacinian corpuscles

pressure and vibration receptor

Sebaceous gland

secrete sebum which assists skin texture and hair flexibility, some bactericidal and fungicidal agents

Arrector pili

contract and pull hair erect, when sympathetically stimulated

Nail matrix

proliferation of nail cells, nail grows longer

portal vein

supplies 75% of nutritious blood from GIT to liver

hepatic artery

supplies 25% of blood to liver

central vein

gets blood from hepatic sinusoids

Kupffer cells

liver macrophages

bile canaliculi

move bile manufactured by hepatocytes out to bile ductules to bile duct and out of liver via hepatic duct (into gallbladder)

gallbladder epithelium

resorbs water and concentrates bile

centroacinar cell

first cell of intercalated duct/duct system

zymogen granules

present in exocrine pancreas acini, contain enzyme precursors e.g. trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, peptidases, lipase, amylase

exocrine pancreas

make, store and release e.g. trypsinogen, amylase, maltase and lipase

endocrine pancreas

secretes hormones e.g. insulin and glucagon and somatostatin

alpha cells

of pancreas, periphery of islet, glucagon

beta cells

majority of pancreas, centre of islet, produce insulin

delta cells

make somatostain, decreases motility of GIT and gallbladder by affecting smooth muscle

von ebner's glands

serous salivary glands, also gustatory glands. Located near moat of foliate and circumvallate papillae, wash away debris for quick response in change of taste stimuli.

filiform papillae

provide a friction, rasplike surface that aids in holding food on tongue during chewing.

salivary glands

keep mucous membrane of mouth moist

Meissner's plexus

submucosal. Innervates muscle in muscularis mucosae.

Auerbach's plexus

myenteric. Innervates muscularis externa which is responsible for peristalsis.

Chief cells (of stomach)

zymogen granules, produce pepsinogen and lipase

parietal cells

produce HCL

lymph nodes

encapsulated lymphatic organs. Filters particulate matter, production of new lymphocytes (T&B)

Tonsils

incompletely encapsulated lymphoid nodules, do not filter lymph. Production of lymphocytes and controlling of pathogens.

rugae

allows stomach to expand and contract relatively rapidly

spleen

largest lymphoid organ. Destroys old RBC, proliferates T and B lymphocytes, removes particulate matter from blood, stores blood

white pulp

splenic nodules, have lymphocytes and macrophages organised around central artery.

thymus gland

organ of infancy and early childhood. Activates immature T cells that arrive from bone marrow, making them immunocompetent. Leaves T cells to go to lymph nodes and spleen.

thymic (Hassall's) corpuscle

produces cytokines

C cells

same as parafollicular cells (of thyroid)

Parafollicular cells

secrete calcitonin. Lowers blood calcium level by inhibiting bone resoprtion.

chief cells (of parathyroid)

secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which acts oppositely to calcitonin secreted by thyroid. i.e. it increases blood calcium level by stimulating bone resorption by osteoclasts

Oxyphil cells

of parathyroid (unknown function)

thyroid colloid

T3 and T4 hormones which control growth by affecting lipid and carbohydrate metabolism

Zona glomerulosa

(adrenal gland cortex) secretes mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone. Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance.

Zona fasciulata

(adrenal gland cortex) secretes glucorticoids just like zona reticularis. E.g. cortisol which is involved in lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism

zona reticularis

(adrenal gland cortex) secretes glucocorticoids just like zona fasciulata. E.g. corisol which is involved in lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism.

medulla

some cells of medulla produce adrenaline others produce noradrenaline.