Exam 1

Astronomy Exam 1

Number of Galaxies

100 billion

Atomic Number

is the number of protons in the nucleus

Atom Type

Determine by the number of protons in the nucleus

Brahe

in the late 1500’s he compiled very accurate, at naked eye, observations

Chemical Reactions

Involves the electric force which electrons change positions

Nuclear Reactions

involves the strong force where protons change their positions

Comets

made of mostly ice with some rock, they orbit the sun

Comets orbits

have highly elliptical orbits

Comets Form

they form far away from the sun where their is an abundance of hydrogen-base compounds

Famous Comet

Halley’s Comet- it orbits the sun every 75.5 years. Last seen 1986 and will return in 2061

Mercury’s Distance from the sun

0\.39 AU

Mercury’s Radius

0\.38 X M Earth

Mercury Density

5,400 kg/m^3

Mercury Composition

Rock and Metal

Mercury Surface Temp

Closet planet to the sun, thus it’s sun-lit side is 800F but on it’s darkside it is only -280F

Venus Distance from the Sun

0\.72 AU

Venus Radius

0\.95 X R Earth

Venus Mass

0\.82 X M Earth

Venus Density

5,200 kg/M^3

Density Formunla

mass/volume

Venus Temp

the surface temperature of 880F is due to an EXTREME GREENHOUSE EFFECT.

Venus Atmosphere

Has a very thick atmosphere.

GreenHouse Effect

Visible light pass through greenhouse gasses and is absorbed at the surface. it is then re-radiated, but in the infrared brands. IR light doesn’t pass thru greenhouses gases. Thus it is trapped near the surface and this raises the surface temp.

Earth distance form the Sun

1 AU

1 AU

1 AU= 1.5 X 10^11 meters

Earth Radius

1 radius = 6x10^6m

Earth mass

1 mass= 6x10^24 kg

Earth Density

5,500 kg/M^3

Earth’s Composition

Rocks and Metals

Earth atmosphere

has a protective atmosphere that provides for a moderate greenhouse effect

Earth Surface Tempature

Average surface temp is about 62F

Earth Greenhouse Gases

Water-vapor, Methane, Carbons Dioxide.

Mars Distance from the sun

1\.52 AU

Mars Radius

0\.53 X R Earth

Mars Mass

0\.11 x M Earth

Mars Density

3,900 kg/M^3

Mars Composition

Rock and Metals

Mars Atmosphere

Thin atmosphere and hence a very weak greenhouse effect. No oxygen in the atmosphere this means no protective O-Zone layer on mars sun’s damaging UV light will kill living material on the surface.

Mars Surface Temperature

\-60F

Jupiter Distance from the Sun

5\.2 AU

Jupiter Radius

11\.2 x R Earth

Jupiter Mass

318 X M Earth

Jupiter Density

1,300 kg/M^3

Jupiter Composition

Hydrogen & Helium

Jupiter surface temperature

average temp at the gas surface is -230F

Jupiter moons

60 moons most are small

Jupiter Galilean Moons

I.O. , Europa, Ganymede, Callisto

Jupiter Special Feature

Has a set of faint rings , and on the surface is the Great Red Spot which is a long-live storm that is about twice the size of earth. It is like a giant huricane.

Saturn Distance from the Sun

9\.5 AU

Saturn Radius

9\.4 X R Earth

Saturn Density

700 kg/m^3 Note: is less dense than water which could float on water

Saturn Composition

Hydrogen & Helium

Saturn’s Rings

aren’t’ continuous they are made of tiny chunks of mostly ice, with some rock mixed in. Range in size of grain of sand up to a size of building.

Saturn Moons

has over 50 moons

Saturn significant moon

Titan

Saturn Surface Temperature

\-290 F

Uranus Distance from the Sun

19 AU

Uranus Radius

4 X R Earth

Uranus Mass

15 X M Earth

Uranus Density

1,300 kg/ m^3

Uranus Composition

Hydrogen, Helium and Hydrogen base compounds

Uranus Moons

30 moons

Uranus Surface Temperature

\-350 F

Uranus fact

Uranus, it’s rings, and moons are tipped on its side

Neptune Distance from the Sun

30 AU

Neptune Radius

4 X R Earth

Neptune Mass

17 X M Earth

Neptune Density

1,600 kg/m^3

Neptune Composition

Hydrogen, Helium, Hydrogen base compounds

Neptune moons

13 moons

Neptune Significan Moon

Triton, which is half the size of mercury

Triton

orbits backwards which travels clockwise. Has geysers that spew liquid nitrogen

Neptune Surface Temperature

\-350 F

Sun Radius

108 X R Earth

Sun Mass

330,000 X M Earth

Sun’s Density

1,400 kg/m^3

Doppler Effect

When there is a relative velocity between the source of light and the absorver, the wavelengths are shifted

Dwarf Planets

Pluto & Eris

Dwarf Planets Compositions

Ice and rock, almost like a comet

Egyptian Calendar

4000 B.C.- 46 B.C. : Every year was always 365 days

Julian Calendar

46 B.C. - 1582 A.D. : a year is 365 days, but every 4 years we add an extra day

Electrons

have a negative charge

Protons

Have a positive charge

Neutrons

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Neutrons, along with protons, are subatomic particles found inside the nucleus of every atom.

Spring Equinox

March 21 : Equal length day and night

Summer Solstice

June 21: longest day of the year

Fall Equinox

September 22: Equal length day and night

Winter Solstice

December 21: Shortest day of the year

Fluorescence

Absorption of UV and emissions of visible

Wavelengths

distance form one peak to the next peak that is meters

Frequency

the number of wave lengths (cycle) that pass a given point every second cycles per second

Speed of light

All EM waves travel at this speed

Galileo

in 1609 A.D. used a telescope he constructed, he presented data that cemented the Copernican model. Was the first to document all the phases of Venus

Kepler

Tato wants him to explain his data. Spends 18 years working on his data.

Kepler First Law

Published 1610 A.D. : orbit of each planet is an elipse with the sun at one focus

Keplers Second Law

Published 1610 A.D. : As a planet orbits, the planet sweeps out equal areas during equal times.

Keplers Third Law

Published 1618 A.D. :The square of the planet period is equal to the cube of the planet distance

Energy

objects that are moving have kinetic energy

Potential energy

if the object has the potential to move

Thermal Energy

the third type of energy is radiative energy