patho test 1

Atrophy

decrease in size of organ caused by a decrease in size/number of individual cell

Reduced muscle mass, shrinking of muscles, limb is put in a cast, can be caused by disease are all examples of

Atrophy

Hypertrophy

increase in cell size or amount of functioning tissue mass

This can be caused by increased workload placed on an organ, picking up something heavy which would cause a strain on muscles

Hypertrophy

Thickening of heart wall with hypertension

Pathological hypertrophy

Enlargement of one kidney after other is removed

Compensatory Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

increase in number of cells of an organ/tissue

Increase in the size of the breasts during pregnancy, increase in thickness of endometrium during menstrual cycle, and liver growth after partial resection are all examples of

hyperplasia

Muscle & nervous tissue lose their ability to undergo

mitosis after birth

Metaplasia

one cell type is replaced by another cell type; due to reprogramming of stem cells

Conversion of fibrous tissue into bone, or columnar mucosal epithelium into stratified squamous epithelium are all examples of

metaplasia

Dysplasia

Abnormal tissue growth; cells vary in size, shape & appearance

Abnormal cells present in PAP smear of cervix is an example of

abnormal cells present in PAP smear of cervix

Gangrene

large mass of of tissue that undergoes necrosis

Moist gangere

area is cold, swollen, pulseless, moist, black

Wet gangrene may develop after

severe burn, frostbite or injury

Gas gangrene

a highly lethal infection of soft tissue, caused by Clostridium species

Gas gangrene most commonly affects, common symptom includes

arms legs, increased heart rate and fever

Locus

location of a gene on a particular chromosome

Allele

alternative forms of the same gene; inherit 2 alleles for each gene (1 from mom, 1 from dad)

Homozygous

both alleles are identical

Heterozygous

different alleles are present

Genotype

genetic composition of an individual

earwax type, height, blood type, eye color, freckles, and hair color are all examples of

phenotype

Phenotype

observed expression of the genotype

Dominant

trait will be expressed in the heterozygote, a single copy of the mutated gene (from one parent) is enough to cause the disorder

Huntington's disease and Marfan syndrome are examples of

dominant diseases

Recessive Trait

trait will be expressed in the homozygote only, a trait that must be contributed by both parents in order to appear in the offspring.

Autosomal Dominant Disorders

A child of a person affected by an autosomal dominant condition has a 50% chance of being affected by that condition via inheritance of a dominant allele.

Autosomal Recessive Disorders

seen only when both copies of the gene are affected, if parents are Aa x Aa (carriers) Æ 25% chance offspring are AA (normal, unaffected); 50% chance offspring are Aa (carriers); 25% chance offspring are aa (affected)

cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease are all examples of

autosomal recessive disorders

X linked disorders affect

males more than females, carrier mother has 50% chance of passing mutant X allele to offspring; sons will have disease & daughters will be carriers

Hemophilia A is an example of

X linked disorder

Multifactoral Inherited Disorders

multiple gene involvement; inheritance pattern unclear

Cleft lip/palate, clubfoot, congenital heart disease are examples of

congenital multifactoral disorders

Coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and some cancers are examples of

environmentally-influenced multifactoral disorders

Mitochondrial Gene Disorders

rare, may affect the neuromuscular system

Alteration in Chromosome Number

aneuploidy due to nondisjunction errors during meiosis

Cell Cycle

G1 S G2 M

G1

post-mitotic; protein synthesis & growth occur

S

DNA synthesis

G2

premitotic, the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis.

M

mitosis, a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two, followed by division of the parent cell into two daughter cells

G0

resting phase; cells are quiescent/not actively dividing

Stable cells

are quiescent/not actively dividing

Labile cells never enter

G0; permanent cells remain in G0

Benign neoplasms

a form anywhere on or in your body when cells multiply more than they should or don't die when they should.

Malignant neoplasms =

cancer, less well-differentiated; invade surrounding tissues - spread to distant sites (metastasize)

All tumors have

parenchymal tissue (functional tissue of organ)

RAS

mental alertness, skeletal muscle tone/tension

limbic system

emotional component (excitement, fear, anger)

cerebral cortex

vigilance, cognition, focused attention

hypothalamus

coordinates ANS & endocrine response

locus ceruleus

norepinephrine-secreting neurons of brainstem; integrating site of ANS response to stressful stimuli

GH

initially at the beginning of stress but prolonged

Cortisol

maintains ↑ [glucose], antagonizes insulin, enhances catecholamine effects

Teratogenic agents include

can be environmental chemicals, maternal metabolic factors, drugs, or infections.

Causes of cancer

chemicals, smoking, exposure to sun, Benzene, asbestos, vinyl chloride

Factors affecting our ability to adapt to stress

age, gender, personality, physical and mental health, and past experiences of the person, environment we live in / grew up in

Diagnostic criteria for anorexia

obsessed with caloric intake, fear of gaining weight, refuse to maintain minimal normal body weight for age & height

Diagnostic criteria for bulimia

recurrent binge eating (2x/week for 3 months),inappropriate compensatory behaviors (vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, fasting, exercise) , self-evaluation influenced by body shape/size

Diagnostic criteria for binge eating

eating rapidly, eating until becoming uncomfortably full, eating large amounts when not hungry , eating alone because of embarrassment

Diagnostic criteria for PTSD

re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood, and arousal.

Coping PTSD stratgies

• Join a PTSD support group.

• Practice relaxation techniques.

• Pursue outdoor activities.

• Confide in a person you trust.

• Spend time with positive people.

• Avoid alcohol and drugs.

• Enjoy the peace of nature.

Childhood obesity

15% children between 6-19 years are overweight

Undernutrition

selective deficiency of a single nutrient, complete starvation

Malnutrition and starvation

person doesn’t receive or can’t use calories/nutrients in food

Protein calorie malnutrition

person doesn’t receive or can’t use calories/nutrients in food

What hormones are prevalent during stress cycle?

CRH, cortisol, catecholamines and thyroid hormone.

Which one is more indication of cardio issues? Lower or Upper Obesity

Upper

How many calories per gram of lipid/ fat

9

How many calories per gram of carbs

4

How many calories per gram of sugar

4

How many calories per gram of protein

4

Apoptosis and necrosis are both pathologic forms of cell death that are unregulated and always injurious to the oragnism?

false

Calcification within a healed tubercular lesion in an example of _______ calcification

dystrophic

↑ quadriceps/hamstrings with excersize

Hypertrophy

the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often as an initial stage in the development of cancer, scar tissue forms / wound healing

hyperplasia

abnormal cells present

Dysplasia

simple stratfied epithelia organization

metaplasia

brain size with aging

atrophy

With hypoxia, mitchondrial ATP production _____, which causes the failure of ______, as a result ____ builds up inside the cell and the cell ______

decreases, na+ k+ pump, na+, swells

endotoxin released by bacteria

biological agent

can cause fibrillation/defibrillation

electrical injury

radiation therapy that destroys both normal and abnormal cells

ionizing radiation

scurvy and beriberi

nutritional imbalances

lead or mercury poisoning

chemical injury

CO poisoning, anemia

hypoxia

injuries sustained as a result of an automobile accident

mechanical forces

heat stroke-induced vascular injury

thermal injury

Membrane phospholipid peroxidation and DNA structural changes are a result of

free radical injury

Removal of webbing between digits during fetal development is a result of

apoptosis

general term to indicate abnormal chromosome number

aneuploidy

chromosomes don’t segregate properly during meiosis

nondisjunction

ABCDEFQRS

translocation

ADCBEFGHI

inverison

ABEFGHI

deletion

ABCDCDEFGHU

duplication

Fetal alcohol syndrome is an example of a disorder caused by a teratogenic agent

true

for children to inherit recessive disorders

both parents must have the defective allele