BIOL 431 Unit 3 Lab Exam

mouth

beginning of digestive tract & oral cavity

vestibule

entryway

hard palate

bone separating nasal cavity from mouth

aids in speech & swallowing

soft palate

prevents food from entering nasal cavity

tonsils (names & function)

palatine, lingual & pharyngeal

site of immunoresponse (phagocytose antigens)

tongue

taste, talk, chew & swallow

extrinsic muscles of tongue

allows tongue to move side to side, in & out & up & down

maneuver food for chewing

shape food into ball

moves food back to swallow

intrinsic muscle

changes shape & size of tongue for speech & swallowing

filiform papillae

no tastebud

provides grip to lick things & touch sensation

covers 2/3 of tongue

tongue papillae with tastebuds

fungiform

foliate

vallate

frenulum

tissue that limits movement of tongue

teeth

cut, tear & pulverize food

alveoli

tooth socket

gingivae

covers tooth socket & anchors teeth

periodontal membrane

dense fibrous connective tissue

absorbs shock from chewing

crown

visible portion of teeth

root

tooth region embedded in socket

1-3 per tooth

dentin

calcified connective tissue

makes up majority of tooth

enamel

Ca2+ salts

protects root from wear & tear

hardest substance in human body

cementum

covers dentin of root

bonelike substance

pulp

connective tissue filled with blood vessels, nerves & lymphatic vessels

in pulp cavity

root canal

contains nerves & blood vessels at root of teeth

apical foramen

blood & lymphatic vessel & nerves enter tooth (hole)

neck of tooth

mid region of tooth

between crown & root (near gumline)

dental formula

2 incisors

1 canine

2 premolars

3 molars

incisors

cut food

canine/cuspids

tear food

premolar/bicuspids

grind food

molars

crush & grind food

3 kinds of salivary glands

parotid

submandibular

sublingual

parotid salivary gland

secrete enzyme rich saliva (amylase & lysozyme)

enters at vestibule opposite from 2nd maxillary molar

submandibular salivary gland

secretes mixed saliva

enters at either side of lingual frenulum

sublingual salivary gland

secretes mucus rich saliva

enters at floor of mouth

fauces

opening to mouth & pharynx

oropharynx

section of pharynx near fauces

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

laryngopharynx

section of pharynx (oropharynx to esophagus)

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

nasopharynx

pharynx from internal nares to uvula

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

esophagus

carries food & fluids to stomach

non keratinized stratified squamous epithleium

stomach (5 fxn)

mixing chamber/makes chyme

produce gastrin

digestion of proteins

secretes gastric juices

food reservoir

muscularis layer of stomach (3) & function

\

longitudinal, circular & oblique muscle layers

aids in motility & mixing

esophageal hiatus

allows esophagus to pass through diaphragm

lower esophageal sphincter

smooth muscle

relaxes to allow bolus entry into stomach

contracts to prevent acid reflux

pyloric sphincter

smooth muscle

regulates chyme entry into duodenum

if pyloric sphincter doesn’t relax

projectile vomit

greater curvature of stomach

convex lateral border of stomach

lesser curvature of stomach

concave medial border of stomach

3 regions of stomach

body

fundus

pyloric region

body of stomach

largest part of stomach

fundus

rounded portion superior & left of lower esophageal sphincter

pyloric region

connects to duodenum

rugae

ridges of stomach

allows stomach expansion

small intestine

main site of digestion & absorption

mix chyme w/digestive juices

complete digestion of macronutrients

absorbs nutrients & water

plicae circulares

circular folds that increase surface area for absorption

villi of small intestine

finger like projections of mucosa

increases surface area & contain lacteals

duodenum

retroperitoneal

first part of small intestine (10-12 in)

receives stomach contents, bile & pancreatic juice

duodenal papilla/papilla of Vater

bump on duodenum

releases bile & pancreatic juice

ampulla of Vater

space behind duodenal papilla

where common bile duct & pancreatic duct meet

collects bile & pancreatic juice

sphincter of Odi

muscle that regulates release of bile & gastric juice

jejunum

intraperitoneal; 3 feet long

main site of absorption & digestion

ileum

intraperitoneal; 6 feet long

main site of absorption & digestion

ileocecal valve

regulates movement of chyme from small intestine to large intestine

pancreas (exocrine & endocrine function)

produce pancreatic juice/digestive enzymes

produce insulin & glucagon

pancreas regions (4)

head

tail

body

neck

principal pancreatic duct

carries pancreatic juice to duodenal papillae

accessory pancreatic duct

carries excess pancreatic juice

liver

secretes bile, carb/lipid/protein metabolism, detoxify drugs, produce hormones

falciform ligament

mesenteric fold

divides liver into right & left lobes

ligamentum teres

connects liver to umbilicus

remnant of fetal umbilical vein

hepatic arter

transports O2 rich blood to liver

hepatic vein

drains de-O2 blood out of liver

hepatic portal vein

brings nutrient rich, de-O2 blood from GI organ & spleen to liver

right & left hepatic ducts

transports bile

merges to form common hepatic duct

common hepatic duct

transports bile

cystic duct

transports bile from gall bladder to common bile duct

common bile duct

carries bile from liver & gall bladder to duodenum

gall bladder

stores & concentrates bile produced by liver

bile

carries away waste & breakdown fats during digestion

large intestine function

water absorption

some vitamin absorption

feces formation

haustra

pouches that aid in haustral churning

haustral churning

segmentation at large intestine

taenia coli

strips of longitudinal muscle that aids motility

cecum

first part of large intestine

vermiform appendix

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

stores good bacteria

fingerlike projection

colon

longest part of long intestine

absorption of water & some vitamins

feces formation

4 parts of colon

ascending

trasnverse

descending

sigmoid

2 flexures of colon

right colic/hepatic flexure

left colic/splenic flexure

right colic/hepatic flexure

between ascending & transverse colon

left splenic/heaptic flexure

between transverse & descending colon

rectum

passageway for fecal excretion

rectal columns

ridges; allows expansion for feces

rectal valves

allow passage of gas w/o feces coming out

internal anal sphincter

smooth muscle

involuntary defecation

external anal sphincter

skeletal muscle

voluntary defecation

hemorrhoidal veins

can listen with too much pressure (hemorrhoids)

anus

opening

serous membranes

parietal peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

retroperitoneal

intraperiotneal

6 main retroperitoneal organs

kidney

adrenal gland

pancreas

duodenum

ascending & descending colon

mesenteries of the gut

membranous folds; links visceral & parietal peritoneum

greater omentum

lesser omentum

mesentery proper

transverse mesocolon

mesoappendix

greater omentum

attaches to greater curvature of stomach

provides protection & stores fat

lesser omentum

holds stomach in place @ lesser curvature of stomach