Practical 1 - tissues and terminology

What is the anatomical position?

The erect position of the body, with the face directed forwards, the arms at the side, and the palms facing forwards

Sagittal plane?

Divides the body into left and right sides

Coronal plane?

Divides body into front and back sides

Transverse/axial plane?

Divides the body into top and bottom sides

Medial sagittal plane?

Sagittal plane on the median

Anterior:

Nearer to the front

Where is the sternum in relation to the heart?

Anterior

Posterior:

Nearer to the back

Where are the kidneys in relation to the intestines?

Posterior

Superior:

Nearer to the head

Where is the heart in relation to the stomach?

Superior

Inferior:

Nearer to the feet

Where is stomach in relation to the heart?

Inferior

Superficial:

Nearer or on the surface

Where are the arm muscles in relation to the humerus?

Superficial

Deep:

Further from the surface

Where is the femur in relation to the thigh muscles?

Deep

Distal:

Farther from trunk/point of origin

Where is the ankle in relation to the knee?

Distal

Proximal:

Nearer to the trunk/point of origin

Where is the elbow in relation to the wrist?

Proximal

Medial:

Nearer to the midline

Where is the ulna in relation to the radius?

Medial

Lateral:

Farther from the midline

Where is the popliteal vein in relation to the great saphenous vein?

Lateral

Median:

On the midline

Palmar:

Palm of the hand

Plantar:

Sole of the foot

Dorsal:

Back of the brain

Ventral:

Front of the brain

Cranial:

Skull

Caudal:

Lower part of embryo

Rostral:

Upper/frontal part of embryo

Bilateral:

Paired structures with left and right members

What is an example of a structure that displays bilaterality?

Kidneys

Unilateral:

Structures occurring on one side only

What is an example of a structure that displays unilaterality?

Spleen

Ipsilateral:

Occurring on the same side

What are examples of structures that display ipsilaterality?

Right thumb and right great toe

Contralateral:

Occurring on opposite sides of the body

What are examples of structures that display contralaterality?

Right hand to left hand

Flexion:

Bending of a part/decreasing angle between body parts

Extension:

Straightening a part/increasing angle between body parts

What body part does not flex and extend in the sagittal plane?

Thumb

Abduction:

Moving body part away from the body

Adduction:

Moving body part towards body

Circumduction:

Circular movement of limbs combining flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

Rotation:

Moving a body part around its long axis

Medial/internal rotation:

Rotational movement towards the midline

Lateral/external rotation:

Rotational movement away from the midline

Pronation:

Medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly/down

Supination:

Lateral rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly/up

Plantarflexion:

Bending of the foot downwards

Dorsiflexion:

Bending of the foot upwards

Eversion:

Turning the sole of the foot outward (lateral side sticks up)

Inversion:

Turning the sole of the foot inward (medial side sticks up)

Protraction:

Move the jaw anteriorly

Retraction:

Move the jaw posteriorly

Depression:

Lowers or moves a body part inferiorly

Elevation:

Raises or moves a body part superiorly

Lateral flexion:

Bending of a body part laterally

Ulnar deviation:

Movement of the wrist medially

Radial deviation:

Movement of the wrist laterally

What are the functions of the skin?

Provides protection, containment of internal environment, heat regulation, sensation and synthesis and storage of vitamin D

What does skin consist of?

Epidermis and dermis

What is epidermis?

Keratinized stratified epithelium with a tough outer surface composed of keratin

What is dermis?

Formed by a dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibres

What is subcutaneous tissue?

Superficial fascia that is composed of loose connective tissue and fat, found between the dermis and underlying deep fascia

What is subcutaneous tissue found between?

Dermis and deep fascia

What is deep fascia?

A dense, organized connective tissue layer (no fat) that envelopes most of the body deep to the skin and superficial fascia

What are the three deep fascia projections?

Investing fascia
Intermuscular fascia
Subserous fascia

What is investing fascia?

It invests deep structures, like individual muscles and neurovascular bundles

What is intermuscular fascia?

It divides muscles into components or groups

What is subserous fascia?

It lies between musculoskeletal walls and membranes lining body cavities

What can deep fascia form?

Retinacula and bursae

What do retinacula do?

Hold tendons in place during joint movement

What do bursae do?

Prevent friction and let structures move freely over each other

What are bursae?

Closed sacs with fluid

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Bones of the head (cranium), neck (cervical vertebrae) and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae and sacrum)

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Bones of the limbs, including those forming pectoral/pelvic girdles

What is bone?

Living tissue, highly specialized, hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton, and is the chief supporting tissue of the body

What are the functions of bone?

Protection for vital structures
Support for the body
Mechanical basis for movement
Storage for salts (e.g. Ca)
Production of new blood cells

What is cartilage?

A resilient, semirigid, avascular form of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is necessary

What are articulating surfaces of bone capped with?

Articular cartilage

What is the periosteum?

A fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds bone

What is the name given to the fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds bone?

Periosteum

What is the perichondrium?

A fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds cartilage elements, excluding articular cartilage

What is the name given to the fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds cartilage elements, excluding articular cartilage?

Perichondrium

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

Describe hyaline cartilage:

Most common
Has widely dispersed fine collagen fibres (type II)
Has a perichondrium
Weakest cartilage form
Precursor of bone

Describe fibrocartilage:

Strongest cartilage form
Alternating layers of hyaline matrix and thick layers of dense collagen fibres orientated in the directions of functional stress
Does not have a perichondrium as it is usually a transitional layer between hyaline cartilage and tendon/ligament

Describe elastic cartilage:

Chondrocytes are found in a threadlike network of elastic fibres within the matrix
Provides strength and elasticity
Has a perichondrium

Which types of cartilage have a perichondrium?

Hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage

Why does fibrocartilage not have a perichondrium?

Because it is usually a transitional layer between hyaline cartilage and tendon/ligament

Give examples of where hyaline cartilage is found:

Ribs
Nose
Larynx
Trachea

Give examples of where fibrocartilage is found:

Intervertebral discs
Joint capsules
Ligaments

Give examples of where elastic cartilage is found:

Outer ear
Eustachian tube
Epiglottis
Larynx

What are the five bone types?

Long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid

Describe long bones:

Tubular structures

Describe short bones:

Cuboidal and only found in the wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals)