HES 006: SKELETAL (PART 2)

AXIAL

INCLUDES THE SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND THORACIC CAGE

SKULL

CONSISTS OF 22 BONES; 8 FORMING THE BRAINCASE AND 14 FACIAL BONES

BRAINCASE/NEUROCRANIUM

FACIAL BONES/VISCEROCRANIUM

AUDITORY OSSICLES

HYOID BONE

PARTS OF THE SKULL

BRAINCASE/NEUROCRANIUM

ENCLOSE THE CRANIAL CAVITY; IMMEDIATELY SURROUNDS & PROTECTS THE BRAIN.

PARIETAL

TEMPORAL

FRONTAL

OCCIPITAL

SPHENOID

ETHMOID

AREAS INCLUDED IN THE BRAINCASE

TEMPORAL

COMPOSED THE SIDE OF THE HEAD

EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL

MASTOID PROCESS

STYLOID PROCESSES

CAROTID CANAL

JUGULAR FORAMEN

PROMINENT FEATURES OF TEMPORAL

EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL

AN EAR CANAL THAT ENABLES SOUND WAVES TO REACH THE EARDRUM

MASTOID PROCESS

PROMINENT PROJECTION POSTERIOR TO THE EAR & ATTACHED TO NECH MUSCLES INVOLVED IN HEAD ROTATION

MASTOID AIR CELLS

INCLUDED IN MASTOID PROCESS; OPEN INTO THE MIDDLE EAR AND SERVE AS ADDITIONAL SINUSES

STYLOID PROCESSES

TWO LONG, POINTED PROJECTIONS FROM INFERIOR SURFACES OF TEMPORAL & ATTACHED TO MUSCLES INVOLVED IN MOVING THE TONGUE, HYOID BONE, AND PHARYNX

CAROTID CANAL

LOCATED AT THE FLOOR OF MIDDLE FOSSA AND PASSAGE OF INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

JUGULAR FORAMEN

LOCATED AT THE FLOOR OF MIDDLE FOSSA AND PASSAGE OF INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

FRONTAL

COMPOSED OF FOREHEAD

OCCIPITAL

COMPOSED OF THE BACK OF THE HEAD

OCCIPITAL CONDYLES

FORAMEN MAGNUM

STRUCTURES OF OCCIPITAL

OCCIPITAL CONDYLES

SMOOTH POINTS OF ARTICULATION BETWEEN THE SKULL AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN WHICH ARE LOCATED BESIDE THE FORAMEN MAGNUM

FORAMEN MAGNUM

LOCATED IN THE POSTERIOR FOSSA OF INTERIOR CRANIAL CAVITY THROUGH WHICH THE SPINAL CORD JOINS THE BRAIN

SPHENOID

RESEMBLES A BUTTERFLY; EXTENDS COMPLETELY ACROSS THE SKULL

SELLA TURCICA

FORAMEN ROTUNDUM & FORAMEN OVALE

FORAMEN SPINOSUM

STRUCTURES OF SPHENOID

SELLA TURCICA

RESEMBLES A SADDLE IN CENTRAL REGION OF SPHENOID; CONTAINS THE PITUITARY GLAND

FORAMEN ROTUNDUM & FORAMEN OVALE

LOCATED AT THE FLOOR OF MIDDLE FOSSA AND TRANSMIT IMPORTANT NERVES TO FACE

FORAMEN SPINOSUM

PASSAGE OF MAJOR ARTERY TO MENINGES

SUTURE

A JOINT THAT UNITES THE BONES OF THE SKULL

SQUAMOUS SUTURE

CORNOAL SUTURE

LAMBDOID SUTURE

SAGITTAL SUTURE

TYPES OF SUTURE

PARIETAL & TEMPORAL BONES

UNITED BONES IN SQUAMOUS SUTURE

PARIETAL AND FRONTAL BONES

UNITED BONES IN CORONAL SUTURE

PARIETAL AND OCCIPITAL BONES

UNITED BONES IN LAMBDOID SUTURE

TWO PARIETAL BONES

UNITED BONES IN SAGITTAL SUTURE

FACIAL BONES/VISCEROCRANIUM

FORM THE STRUCTURE OF DACE; ALL PAIRED BONES, EXCEPT MANDIBLE & VOMER

MAXILLA

ZYGOMATIC

PALATINE

NASAL

LACRIMAL

INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA

MANDIBLE

VOMER

STRUCTURES OF VISCEROCRANIUM

MAXILLA

JAWBONE; FORMS THE UPPER JAW & ARTICULATES BY SUTURES TO TEMPORAL BONE; CONTAINS THE SUPERIOR TEETH

ZYGOMATIC

ALSO KNOWN AS CHEEKBONE WHICH IS ANTERIOR TO SPHENOID BONE

ZYGOMATIC ARCH

CONSISTS OF JOINED PROCESSES OF TEMPORAL ANF ZYGOMATIC BONES THAT FORMS A BRIDGE ACROSS THE SIDE OF THE FACE AND PROVIDE MAJOR ATTACHMENT SITE FOR MUSCLE MOVING THE MANDIBLE

PALATINE

ROOF OF THE ORAL CAVITY THAT SEPARATES NASAL CAVITY AND NASOPHARYNX FROM THE MOUTH; ENABLES CHEWING AND BREATHING AT THE SAME TIME

HARD PALATE

SOFT PALATE

PARTS OF PALATINE

HARD PALATE

FORMS THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH, WHICH IS ALSO THE FLOOR OF NASAL CAVITY

SOFT PALATE

MADE UP OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND MUSCLES AND EXTEND POSTERIORLY FROM HARD PALATE

NASAL

FORMS THE BRIDGE OF THE NOSE; MOSTLY CONSISTS OF CARTILAGE

NASAL CAVITY

NASAL SEPTUM

NASAL CONCHAE

PARANASAL SINUSES

PARTS OF NASAL

NASAL CAVITY

ONE OF THE MOST PROMINENT OPENINGS INTO THE SKULL

NASAL SEPTUM

DIVIDE THE NASAL CAVITY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT HALVES; FORMED BY TWO STRUCTURES, VOMER BONE AND PERPENDICULAR PLATE OF ETHMOID BONE

NASAL CONCHAE

CONSISTS OF 3 BONYS HELVES IN NASAL CAVITY THAT INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA WHICH FACILITATES IN MOISTENING AND WARMING OF AIR INHALED THROUGH THE NOSE

INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA

MIDDLE NASAL CONCHA

SUPERIOR NASAL CONCHA

3 BONY SHELVES OF NASAL CONCHAE

INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA

SEPARATE BONE OF NASAL CONCHAE

MIDDLE & SUPERIOR NASAL CONCHA

NASAL CONCHAE THAT PROJECT FROM ETHMOID BONE

PARANASAL SINUSES

OPEN INTO THE NASAL CAVITY WHICH DECREASE THE WEIGHT OF THE SKULL & ACT AS RESONATING CHAMBERS DURING VOICE PRODUCTION

FRONTAL

MAXILLARY

ETHMOIDAL

SPPHENOIDAL

SINUSES INCLUDED IN PARANASAL

LACRIMAL

A SMALL BONE IN THE EYE SOCKETS, JUST ABOVE THE OPENING OF THE NASOLACRIMAL CANAL

ORBITS EYE/SOCKETS

SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES

OPTIC FORAMEN

NASOLACRIMAL CANAL

PARTS OF LACRIMAL

ORBITS/EYE SOCKETS

CONE-SHAPED FOSSAE IN WHICH THE EYES ROTATE WITHIN; THE BONES PROVIDE BOTH PROTECTION FOR EYES & ATTACHMENT POINT FOR MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE EYES

SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES

PROVIDE OPENINGS THOUGH WHICH NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS COMMUNICATE WITTH THE ORBIT OR PASS TO THE FACE

OPTIC FORAMEN

PASSSAGE OF OPTIC NERVE ENTERING THE CRANIAL CAVITY

NASOLACRIMAL CANAL

PASSES FROM THE EYE SOCKETS INTO THE NASAL CAVITY WHICH CONTAINS A DUCT THAT CARRIES TEARS FROM THE EYES TO THE NASAL CAVITY

INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA

A SEPARATE BONE THAT FORMS NASAL CONCHAE

MANDIBLE

FORMS THE LOWER JAW; CONTAINS THE INFERIOR TEETH

MANDIBULAR FOSSA

ANTERIOR TO MASTOID PROCESS IN WHICH THE MANDIBLE ARTICULATES WITH TEMPORAL

VOMER

FORMS INFERIOR HALF OF THE NASAL SEPTUM

AUDITORY OSSICLES

CONSIST OF 6 BONES IN TOTAL, 3 IN EACH MIDDLE EAR

MALLEUS

INCUS

STAPES

3 BONE SIN MIDDLE EAR

HYOID BONE

UNPAIRED, U-SHAPED BONE WHICH IS NOT PART OF THE SKULL AND HAS NO DIRECT BONY ATTACHEMENT TO ANY BONES; ONLY THE BONE THAT DOES NOT ARTICULATE WITH ANOTHER BONE; PROVIDES AN ATTACHMENT FOR SOME TONGUE MUSCLES AND NECK MUSLES THAT ELEVATE LARYNX FURING SPEECH

SUPPORT

PROTECTION

ASSISTANCE IN MOVEMENT

MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS

BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION

TRYGLYCERIDE STORAGE

6 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF BONE AND SKELETAL SYSTEM

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

CENTRAL AXIS OF THE SKELETON, EXTENDING FROM THE BASE OF THE SKULL TO SLIGHTLY PAST THE END OF PELVIS

SUPPORTS WIGHT OF THE HEAD AND TRUNK

PROTECTS THE SPINAL CORD

ALLOWS SPINAL NERVES TO EXIT THE SPINAL CORD

PROVIDES A SITE FOR MUSCLE ATTACHMENT

PERMITS MOVEMENT OF THE HEAD AND TRUNK

MAJOR FUNCTION OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN

ANTERIOR CURVE OF CERVICAL AND LUMBAR REGIONS

POSTERIOR CURVE OF THORACIC, SACRAL AND COCCYGEAL REGIONS

MAJOR VERTEBRAL COLUMN CURVATURES

KYPHOSIS

LORDOSIS

SCOLIOSIS

ABNORMAL VERTEBRAL CURVATURES

KYPHOSIS

AN ABNORMAL POSTERIOR CURVATURE OF SPINE, MOSTLY IN THE UPPER THORACI REGION; RESULTS IN A HUNCHBACK CONDITION

LORDOSIS

AN ABNORMAL ANTERIOR CURVATURE, MAINLY IN THE LUMBAR REGION; RESULTS IN A SWAYBACK CONDITION

SCOLIOSIS

AN ABNORMAL LATERAL CURVATURE OF THE SPINE

BODY

VERTEBRAL ARCH

PROCESSES PROVIDE ATTACHMENT SITES FOR THE MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

GENERAL PLAN OF VERTEBRA

BODY

THE WEIGHT-BEARING PORTION OF EACH VERTEBRA AND ARE SEPARATED BY APADS OF FIBROCARTILAGE

INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS

PADS OF FIBROCARTILAGE THAT SEPARATES VERTEBRA

VERTEBRAL ARCH

SURROUNDS A LARGE OPENING CALLED VERTEBRAL FORAMEN, IN WHICH COLLECTIVE FORMS VERTEBRAL CANAL TO ENCLOSE AND PROTECT THE SPINAL CORD FROM INJURY; CONSISTS 2 PEDICLES AND 2 LAMINAE

VERTEBRAL FORAMEN

OPENING THAT IS SURROUNDED BY VERTEBRAL ARCH

SPINOUS PROCESS

TRANSVERSE PROCESSES

SUPERIOR & INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESS

PROCESSES OF THE VERTEBRA

SPINOUS PROCESS

ONE IN EACH VERTEBRA THAT PROJECTS DORSALLY FROM WHERE THE TWO LAMINAE MEET; CAN BE SEEN & FELT AS SERIES OF PROJECTIONS FOWN THE MIDLINE BACK

TRANSVERSE PROCESSES

EXTEND LATERALLY FROM EACH SIDE OF THE ARCH, BETWEEN THE PEDICLE & LAMINA

SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESS

WHERE THE VERTEBRAE ARTICULATE WITH EACH OTHER; HAS A SMOOTH LITTLE FACE CALLED ARTICULAR FACET

ARTICULAR FACET

SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES HAS A SMOOTH LITTLE FACE CALLED…

INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA

GAPS BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE VERTEBRAE WHICH IS FOMED BU NOTCHES IN THE PEDICLES; SEVES AS AN EXIT OF SPINAL NERVES FROM THE SPINAL CORD

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

THORACIC VERTEBRAE

LUMBAR VERTEBRAE

SACRUM

COCCYX

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN VERTEBRAE

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

VERY SMALL BODIES, EXCEPT FOR ATLAS; DISLOCATIONS AND FRACTURES ARE COMMON; EACH TRANSVERSE PRCESS HAS TRANSVERSE FORAMEN

TRANSVERSE FORAMEN

PASSAGE OF VERTEBRAL ARTERIES TOWARD THE BRAIN

ATLAS

THE 1ST VERTEBRAL HOLDS UP THE HEAD & RESPONSIBLE FOR A YES MOTION; ALSO ALLOWS A SLIGHT TILTING OF HEAD FROM SIDE TO SIDE

AXIS

THE 2ND VERTEBRA; ROTATES HEAD FOR SHAKING NO; ROTATION OCCURS AROUND THE PROCESS CALLED DENS THAT PROTUDES SUPERIORLY

THORACIC VERTEBRAE

LONG, THIN SPINOIUS PROCESSES THAT ARE DIRECTED INFERIORLY; EXTRA ARTICULAR FACETS ON LATERAL SURFACES THAT ARTICULATE WITH THE RIBS

LUMBAR VERTEBRAE

LARGE, THICK BODIES; HEAVY RECTANGULAR TRANSVERSE AND SPINOUS PROCESSES; LOW BACK PAIN IS COMMON

SUPERIOR ARTICULAR FACETS

FACE MEDIALLY THAT LOCKS ADJACENT LUMBAR

INFERIOR RTICULAR FACETS

FACE LATERALLY THAT LOCKS ADJACENT LUMBAR

SACRUM

FUSED 5 SACRAL VERTEBRAE INTO SINGLE BONE;

MEDIAN SACRAL CREST

FIRST VERTEBRAE FORM OF SACRUM

SACRAL HIATUS

FIFTH VERTEBRA THAT DOES NOT FORM LEAVING A… AT INFERIOR END

SACRAL PROMONTORY

FORMED BY THE BULGE OF THE ANTERIOR EDGE OF THE BODY OF THE FIRST SACRAL VERTEBRA WHICH SERVES AS A LANDMARK THAT CAN BE FELT DURING A VAGINAL EXAMINATION

COCCYX

TAILBONE; CONSISTS OF 4 MORE-OR-LESS FUSED VERTEBRAE; EXTREMELY REDUCED VERTEBRAL BODIES WITHOUT THE FORAMINA OR PROCESSES

THORACIC CAGE (RIB CAGE)

PROTECTS THE VITAL ORGANS AND PREVENTS THE COLLAPSE OF THE THORAX DURING RESPIRATION

THORACIC VERTEBRAE

RIBS

STERNUM

PARTS OF THE THORACIC CAGE

RIBS

CONSISTS OF 12 PAIRS

TRUE RIBS

FALSE RIBS

DIVISION OF RIBS

TRUE RIBS

RUVS 1-7, ATTACHED DIRECTLY TO STERNUM BY MEANS OF COSTAL CARTILAGES

FALSE RIBS

RIBS 8-12, DO NOT ATTACH DIRECTLY TO STERNUM