APUSH Ch. 38 + 39

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Kennedy's New Frontier Spirit

He assembled one of the youngest cabinets with his brother, Robert, as attorney general, Kennedy inspired high expectations, especially among the young; challenge of "New Frontier", Kennedy proposed Peace Corps, an army of idealistic and mostly youthful volunteers

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America, embodied new, young, New Frontier spirit

New Frontier Domestically

More cooperative Congress through the House Rules Committee, negotiated a noninflationary wage agreement with steel industry, but they ignore; supported general tax-cut bill, put more money into private hands

Apollo Program

Project initiated by John F. Kennedy in 1961 to surpass the Soviet Union in space exploration and send a man to the moon, showed the world their connectedness

Problems in Europe in JFK

Khrushchev bullied JFK with threats, but JFK stood ground, USSR begins construction of Berlin Wall in 1961, Marshall Plan proves successful through helping Western Europe, passes Trade Expansion Act, builds early EU

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West, sign of "iron curtain", vast differences in lifestyle, anger of the Germans

European Economic Community

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members, formed by JFK, promoted trade with EEC countries through Trade Exp. Act

Trade Expansion Act 1962

The Act gave the President the power to reduce tariffs in order to promote trade. Kennedy could lower some tariffs by as much as 50%, and, in some cases, he could eliminate them, led to globalization

Charles De Gaulle

President of France, resisted JFK's efforts of EEC

Flexible Response JFK

French left Laos in 1954, country without government, civil war: JFK wanted diplomacy. SoD wanted "flexible response": wanted to deal with problems in a variety of options, JFK increased spending on Special Forces

Vietnam War Quagmire JFK

Kennedy orders increase in number of military advisers in South Vietnam from US, wanted to protect Diem from communists,

Cuban Confrontations

Improved relations with Latin Am. with Alliance for Progress, wanted to cut down communism, failed Bay of Pigs Invasion, embarassment: discovered nuclear weapons on Cuba, quarantine of Cuba, Soviets backed down, Americans pulled missiles from Turkey. JFK urged people to abandon "devil-view" of USSR

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure, causes Cuba to embrace USSR

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba, JFK places a naval quarantine of Cuba, when USSR comes, Khrushchev backs down and pulls missiles out, US pulls out of Turkey, Khrushchev is kicked out of Kremlin

The Struggle for Civil Rights

JFK campaigned for civil rights support, Freedom Riders, JFK did not want to be connected with MLK, but still supported him: tapped his phone line, JFK helped SNCC with funds, integration was still slow, ushers James Meredith, declared civil rights as moral issue

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation, Washington dispatched marshals to protect Freedom Riders, frequently stopped by southern officials

Voter Education Project

project of the SNCC where volunteers went to rural areas in the Deep South to register African Americans to vote; began with Robert Moses

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Medger Evers

An African American civil rights activist from Mississippi was involved in efforts to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi before being shot & killed in June 1963.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Baptist Church at Birmingham

Bombing of Baptist church in Birmingham, four black girls were killed, September of 1963

The Killing of Kennedy

America loses her bright, passionate, young president, Lee Harvey Oswald kills Kennedy, LBJ sworn in on flight to Washington

LBJ as a President

succeeded in getting Congress to go his way, vain, egotistical, Congress passes Civil Rights Act of 1964, empowered EEOC, affirmative action, war on poverty, Great Society

Civil Rights Act of 1964

banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to public, theaters, opstials, strengthened government's power to end segregation, barred discrimination in employment, banned sexual discrimination

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 1961

Federal agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing.

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education, wanted to continue New Deal programs

Johnson vs. Goldwater

Election of 1964, LBJ wanted to be a New Deal liberal, Goldwater criticized income tax, Great Society, TVA, civil rights laws, nuclear test bans, Social Security, LBJ was more poised, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

two American warships were attacked in 1964 in the Tonkin Gulf, LBJ passes Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: blank check for action against Vietnam

Great Society Congress

Congress passed many bills in support of the Great Society plan. In the War on Poverty, Congress gave more money to the Office of Economic Opportunity and it created two new cabinet offices: the Department of Transportation and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The National Endowments for the Arts and the Humanities was designed to raise the level of American cultural life.
The National Endowments for the Arts and the Humanities was designed to raise the level of American cultural life. In regards to the Great Society plan, LBJ's big four legislative achievements were: aid to education, medical care for the elderly and poor, immigration reform, and a new voting rights bill. Johnson gave educational aid to students, not schools. In 1965, Congress created Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid for the poor. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the quota system that had been in place since 1921. It also doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country annually. The sources of immigration shifted from Europe to Latin America and Asia. Conservatives said that poverty could not be fixed by the Great Society programs, but the poverty rate did decline in the following decade.

Battling for Black Rights

Voting Rights Act, 24th amendment, Freedom Summer, Selma, Alabama, protesters were arrested.

Voting Rights Act 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

24th amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

Freedom Summer

In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Group that sent its own delegates to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to protest discrimination against black voters in Mississippi

Selma, Alabama

location of the start of the voting rights march that came to be known as Bloody Sunday, protesters were assaulted

Black Power

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

Black Power Movement

African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force in necessary. (Malcolm X)

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres

Revolt in Dom Republic, LBJ sent 25,000 troops to stop, LBJ ordered Operration Rolling Thunder: full bombing of North Viet, followed policy of "escalation", sent 400,000 soldiers to Vietnam

Policy of Escalation

Johnson ordered more troops and more strikes to vietnam.

Vietnam Vexations

In June 1967, Israel launched a pre-emptive attack on Egypt's airforce, starting the Six-Day War. Following the war, Israel gained the territories of the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank.
Antiwar demonstrations increased significantly as more and more American soldiers died in the Vietnam War. Senator William Fulbright held a series of televised hearings in 1966 and 1967 in which he convinced the public that it had been deceived about the causes and "winnability" of the war.
When Defense Secretary McNamara expressed discomfort about the war, he was quietly removed from office.
By early 1968, the Vietnam War had become the longest and most unpopular foreign war in the nation's history. The government failed to justify the war. Casualties exceeded 100,000, and more bombs had been dropped in Vietnam than in World War II.
In 1967, Johnson ordered the CIA to spy on domestic antiwar activists. He also encouraged the FBI to use its counterintelligence program, code-named "Cointelpro," to investigate members of the peace movement.

Six Day War

(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sanai Peninsula.

William Fulbright

Senator from Arkansas who was chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee; he began to oppose the Vietnam War, led televised hearings of people speaking against Vietnam

Cointelpro

An FBI program begun in 1956 and continued until 1971 that sought to expose, disrupt, and discredit groups considered to be radical political organizations: Targeted antiwar groups during the Vietnam War.

Vietnam Topples Johnson

North Vietnam launches Tet Offensive, offensive during holiday against South, US stops, LBJ did not want to send more troops
Election of 1968: Eugene McCarthy: dove, Robert Kennedy: also dove, LBJ would not run for reelection, froze troop levels in Vietnam

The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968

Hubert H. Humphrey nominated for democrats, Kennedy was assassinated, Richard Nixon would also run as Republican, George C. Wallace ran for American Independent Party: ran on segregation.
Nixon wins.

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign, getting law-and-order in the cities at home

The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson

No president since Lincoln had done more for civil rights than LBJ. The Vietnam War sucked tax dollars away from LBJ's Great Society programs, though.
LBJ was persuaded by his advisors that an easy victory in Vietnam could be achieved by massive aerial bombing and large troop commitments. He did not want to continue to escalate the fighting, though, and this offended the war "hawks." His refusal to end the war also offended the war "doves."

The Cultural Upheaval of
the 1960s

In the 60s, the youth of America experimented with
sex, drugs, and defiance.
They protested a lot against conventional wisdom
and beliefs.
Huge wave of counterculture, frustrated youth, challenged old culture, "Free Speech Movement", "sexual revolution" in the 1960s due to birth-control
Students for a Democratic Society stood against poverty and war, underworld of drug dealers and addicts emerges

Stonewall Rebellion

Uprising in support of equal rights for gay people sparked by an assault by off-duty police officers at a gay bar in New York. The rebellion led to rise in activism and militancy within the gay community and furthered the sexual revolution of the late 1960s.

Students for a Democratic Society

Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

Robert S. McNamara

was the secretary of defense under Kennedy. He helped develop the flexible response policy. He was against the war in Vietnam and was removed from office because of this.

Sources of Stagnation

1970s: end of economic boom, women and teens entered workforce, less skilled. Machines were old and run down, upward spiral of inflation. Vietnam increased inflation, increased oil prices. Germany and Japan catches up in economy

Nixon "Vietnamizes" the War

Nixon wanted to return US troops and turn war over to the Vietnamese, Nixon Doctrine. Middle of the road policy, Nixon appealed to "silent majority", who supported the war, but not with fury.
Fighting was done disproportionately by poorer classes in the earlier parts of the war, college meant free pass, AA's suffered highest casualties.
Morale was low, troops were upset: My Lai Massacre (1968)

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Silent Majority Nixon

that group of quiet honest hard-working middle class Americans who do their job, respect their country and support gov.; Nixon wants their votes in 1968 and 1972

Nixon Doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

My Lai Massacre

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

Cambodianizing the Vietnam War

Bombing of Cambodia. Nixon ordered American forces to join with the South Vietnamese in cleaning out the enemy in officially neutral Cambodia. He withdraws troops from Cambodia after 2 months. Bitterness remains, US University students were upset: National Guard called to disperse protestors at Kent State University: four dead
Similar at Jackson State College, rift between Hawks and doves widens.
Senate repeals the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 26th amendment passes, Pentagon papers exposed, credibility gap widens

Reasons for invasion of Cambodia

North Vietnam channeled supplies through Cambodia through Ho Chi Minh Trail.

26th amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Pentagon papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Nixon's Detente with China and the Soviet Union

Henry A. Kissinger met with North Vietnamese officials to work to an end in the war, Nixon visits China in 1972, Nixon went to Russia, Russia inclines a bit because of better US China relations, US would give grain to Soviets, talk of Strategic Arms Limitations Talks, moved to eased tensions, Nixon still against communism.

Henry A. Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks

In 1972, the United States and the Soviet Union culminated four years of SALT by signing a treaty limiting the deployment of antiballistic missiles (ABM) and an agreement to freeze the number of offensive missiles for five years.

MIRV

Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle. Nuclear warheads that sit atop a variety of missiles in the US. inventory, and can hit multiple targets simultaneously

A New Team on the Supreme Bench

Chief Justice Earl Warren: liberal SCOTUS, Griswold V. Connecticut, struck down a state law banning contraceptives
Gideon v. Wainwright: all defendants entitled to lawyer
Escobedo and Miranda cases: arrested individuals told their rights
New York Times v. Sullivan: public figure could sue for libel if "malice"
Engel v. Vitale and School District of Ablington Township v. Shempp: removed prayer and Bible from schools
Reynolds v. Sims: Forbade creative district lines, Warren E. Burger quickly nominated, chief justice, but was not conservative

Miranda warning

A series of statements informing criminal suspects, on their arrest, of their constitutional rights, such as the right to remain silent and the right to counsel: required by Supreme Court's 1966 decision in Miranda v. Arizona

Warren E. burger

Appointed Supreme Court Justice, 1969 A conservative appointed by Nixon, he filled Earl Warren's liberal spot.

Nixon on the Home Front

Nixon helped Great Society, money for medicare, medicaid, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Supplemental Security Income, Philadelphia Plan, Griggs v Duke Power Co. , environmental laws: EPA, OSHA, Clean Air Act, Engadered Species Act, took US off gold standard

Philadelphia Plan

Program established by Richard Nixon to require construction trade unions to work toward hiring more black apprentices. The plan altered Lyndon Johnson's concept of "affirmative action" to focus on groups rather than individuals.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The US federal agency with a mission to protect human health and the environment, Nixon

Rachel Carson

United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964)

Earth Day

A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

dedicated to improving workin gconditions, prevented work-related accidents and deaths, and issued safety standards

Consumer Product Safety Commission

a governmental agency responsible for setting and monitoring safety standards for all consumer products

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Nixon Landslide of 1972

Spring of 1972, the North Vietnamese burst through the demilitarized zone separating the two Vietnams. Nixon ordered massive bombing attacks. Senator George McGovern based his campaign on pulling out of Vietnam in 90 days. President Nixon, though, wins the election of 1972 in a landslide.

George McGovern

A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.

Thomas Eagleton

McGovern's running mate in the Democratic nomination. It was shortly discovered that he had undergone psychiatric care, forcing his removal from the ticket, and virtually dooming McGovern's candidacy.

the secret bombing of Cambodia and the war powers act

US had made 3500 secret bombings of Cambodia, credibility gap widens, Pol Pot killed 2 million of his own people, War Powers Act passed

War Powers Act

1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat, report at least 48 hours ahead.

New Isolationism

Nickname for the mood of caution and restraint in the conduct of the nation's foreign affairs after the Vietnam War

Arab Oil Embargo and Energy Crisis

Syria and Egypt attack Israel again, US backs and wins. Arab nations were unhappy: embargo on oil. Gas prices skyrocket, "energy crisis": Alaska pipeline flow southward, 55mph, smaller cars, 5 months later, embargo was lifted

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Watergate and the Unmaking of a President

Five men were caught breaking into the Democratic Party's headquarters, part of CREEP, Nixon's VP Spiro Agnew had his own mini-scandal, Ford new VP: Senate investigates Watergate: Nixon refused to give tape recordings: Saturday Night Massacre: impeachment trial takes suit, Nixon resigns

Watergate

The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.

Saturday Night Massacre

dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973, seemed suspicious, they refused to fire the Attorney General to stop investigations

Smoking Gun Tape

Recording made in the Oval Office in June 1972 that proved conclusively that Nixon knew about the Watergate break-in and endeavored to cover it up. Led to a complete breakdown in congressional support for Nixon after the Supreme Court ordered he hand the tape to investigators.

The First Unelected President

Gerlad Ford President, pardons Nixon, does so so media could stop talking about Nixon, Ford's popularity goes downhill, focused on Helsinki accords

Helsinki Accords

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland in 1975 by the Soviet Union and western European countries, boundaries of Eastern Europe, agreements on traveling from US to USSR

Defeat In Vietnam

After two years of fighting on their own, the S. Vietnamese quickly collapsed in 1975 after a full-throttle push by the N. Vietnamese. Americans had to be hastily evacuated from the American Embassy in Saigon. 500,000 S. Vietnamese migrated to the U.S. $118 billion and 56,000 Americans dead.

Feminist Victories and Defeats

Congress passes Title IX: prohibits sex discrimination in any federally funded educational program, Reed v. Reed, Frontiero v. Richardson, Roe v. Wade, ERA

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender, opposition felt ERA would deteriorate the family: national child dcare was proposed, feminists seen as cause of divorce, many despised abortion

Phyliss Schlafly

She traveled the country advocating "STOP ERA" and advocating traditional roles for women.