tudor key dates 2

1588

death of leicester

1590

death of walsingham

1592

death of hatton

1592

william cecil’s ill health began to diminish his influence

1601

earl of essex executed for treason

1570s

conservative influence at court waned - duke of norfolk, earls of sussex and shrewsbury, sir james croft, and sir christopher hatton

1570s

protestant faction of sir william cecil, sir walter mildmay, sir francis walsingham, and the earls of leicester, warwick, and bedford formed an inner ring around elizabeth

1560s

cecil and leicester conflicted over elizabeth’s potential marriae

1570s and 1580s

factional rivalry was limited - courtiers co-operated and elizabeth managed rivalries effectively

1566

house of commons angered elizabeth by discussing the succession

1593

house of commons angered elizabeth by discussion religious reform

1601

conflicts between the house of commons and queen over monopolies

queen granted commons’ demands

1563-66

at least 40 MPs pressed for more strongly protestant religious reform

1576 and 1593

commons asserted their rights to have free speech

1586

commons asserted their rights to settle an election dispute in a norfolk constituency

1586

commons conceded to the lord chancellor

1600

average of 50 JPs per county

1572

earl of huntingdon led the council of the north - committed protestant, in response to northern rebellion and ridolfi plot

1579

duke of anjou courted the queen - her last suitor, french catholic, unknown if elizabeth wanted to marry him

1561

mary returned to scotland, which was being ruled by a protestant government

1566

mary married lord darnley and gave birth to an heir, james

1567

darnley was murdered - mary and her lover the earl of bothwell were implicated

1581

spain took control of lisbon and philip ii became king of portugal

1581

elizabeth supported protestant rebels financially, who created an independent such state in the netherlands

december 1585

robert dudley led english forces (7,000) in the netherlands and became governor-general, which angered philip - implied english were ruling netherlands after william of orange’s death

1587

robert dudley resigned as governor-general after many military defeats - bad strategies with badly-equipped, under-funded army

1587

sir francis drake raided spanish port of cadiz - supported by elizabeth

destroyed 25-35 spanish ships during this incident and harmed the building of their armada, delaying it by 12 months

8th august 1588

battle of gravelines - english destroyed many spanish ships, and only 65 made it back to spain

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storm blew armada off course and allowed english ships to pursue them - spanish ships were shipwrecked off the coast of scotland and ireland

1596

oxfordshire uprising

1583

thomas smith published ‘de republica anglorum’ which outlined the four orders of society and showed that the social structure remained intact

1575-76

darnley portrait - displayed elizabeth’s ‘mask of youth’

1594-1598

bad harvests

1556

flu outbreak killed 200,000 people, including a lot of farmers

1572

poor law - let local officials raise money from local people to help the poor

1576

‘act for setting the poor on work’ made the local authorities responsible for poverty in their local area

1601

poor law taxed the wealthy to pay for the care of the poor who could not work:

* helpless poor (sick and old)
* able-bodied poor, who needed work to get food
* idle poor, who were sent to the house of correction

november 1569

the earls of northumberland and westmorland held an illegal catholic mass in durham cathedral

february 1601

essex’s rebellion - took four privy councillors hostage, but many of his supporters deserted him, essex and remaining followers arrested

1593

tyrone’s rebellion begins

1598

earl of tyrone and his forces defeated english troops at the battle of yellow ford

1599

earl of essex was sent to deal with the rebels - made a truce and returned to england without the queen’s consent

1603

elizabeth sent lord mountjoy to ireland, who defeated the rebellion

1600

east india company created and it had a monopoly to trade with asia (helped when james lancaster discovered a route to asia around the cape of good hope)

1568

spain attacked john hawkins’ fleet for trying to break spain’s monopoly in the trans-atlantic slave trade

1550

most of england’s trade was exporting wool to antwerp (a port controlled by spain)

* as relations with spain got worse, trading through antwerp got harder, encouraging the exploration and discovery of new trade routes

1562 and 1564

john hawkins made large profits from the triangular trade

1572-3

drake brought back huge sums after raids against spanish ships and colonies in the new world

1577-1580

drake brought back huge sums after his circumnavigation

* captured £40,000 of spanish treasure in panama

1585

raleigh set up a colony on roanoke island, virginia

1586

most of the 108 settlers of roanoke island returned to england

1590

nobody remained in roanoke colony - not enough supplies, land was not good for farming

1584

elizabeth gave sir walter raleigh permission to colonise any part of the americas not ruled by christians

1580s

raleigh established colonies on the east coast of america - did not last

1540s

debasement of the coinage - purchasing power of money decreased

1591-7

spate of enclosures in some areas

1598

parliament passed two acts to restrict enclosure and prevent more land being taken away from crops and given over the animals

1594-7

when times were bad, many farm labourers migrated to towns

1580

john field, one of the most prominent puritans, was banned from preaching

1583

small group of separatists were emerging - their activities were illegal

* e.g. the brownists - their leader, robert browne, fled to the netherlands

1593

the car against seditious sectaries set the death penalty for those accused of being separatists

1563

parliament passed stricter laws against catholics, but elizabeth saw to it that they weren’t fully implemented

* failure of office holders to take the oath of supremacy a second time was now punishable by death
* penalty for saying mass was now death

1568

william allen founded the douai seminary for catholic englishmen to become priests who would return to england

1574

first priests from the douai seminary arrived in england

1571

new treason act made denying elizabeth’s supremacy and bringing copies of the papal bull and excommunication into england acts of high treason

1581

first jesuits executed

1585

parliament passed an act which gave catholic priests 40 days to leave england or be executed

* overall nearly 150 catholics were executed under elizabeth, but many were imprisoned in a specially built gaol

1603

catholicism in england is estimated to have been at 10% with perhaps only 2% actively worshipping

1603

two generations had grown up with and were used to anglicanism

1594

hooker wrote ‘of the lawes of ecclesiastical politie’

* effective case for anglicanism as having stripped away medieval, papal superstition leaving a bible-based true christian faith

1562

attempt by puritans to ban organs, which failed - puritans believed music detracted from the message of god

1601

parliament stood up to elizabeth over the issue of monopoles, and her reply - the golden speech - was a rare apology

1603

elizabeth only named james as her successor on her deathbed

1590s

privy council met every day

1558

john knox published a pamphlet called ‘the first blast of the trumpet against the monstrous regimen of women’, which attacked the authority of women as unnatural

1558

act of supremacy passed

* reiterated henry viii’s act of supremacy in 1534 - stated church of england was independent of rome
* elizabeth was made the supreme governor of the church

1559

act of uniformity passed

* established the church of england’s religious doctrine
* legitimated the book of common prayer
* very contentious - only passing through parliament by three votes

1563

39 articles published

* stated the church of england’s position in relation to the catholic church and radical protestants

1571

39 articles became part of the law

1559

philip ii of spain as a suitor - their union would unite england and spain against france and scotland

1562

elizabeth contracted smallpox, a life-threatening condition - illness made everyone fear about the line of succession

1560

francis ii of france dies and mary queen of scots, his wife, returns to scotland the following year

december 1559

the english navy went to the first of forth (near edinburgh) to stop french troops from landing

1560

treaty of edinburgh signed between england, scotland and france

* ended rebellion led by the lords of the congregation
* ended the auld alliance between scotland and france

1559

treaty of cateau-cambresis secured peace with france

1562

france thrust into wars of religion - civil war between catholics and huguenots (protestants)

1563

philip ii banned english cloth imports to the netherlands

* supposedly to protect netherlands from infection from england
* reaction against england’s growing trading power, elizabeth ignoring protestant messages being spread in the netherlands by english merchants

1564

spanish ban and english ban on dutch trading lifted

1552

beggars had to register to be allowed to beg

1563

elizabeth’s government passed the statute of artificers which intended to make apprentices to stay for seven years

1553

edward vi died of a serious chest affliction

1547

somerset was popular after his victories against scotland, and soon after henry’s death the regency council gave its power to somerset

1539

proclamations act said that proclamations had equal force as statute law

* allowed somerset to rule england using the dry stamp and royal proclamations

1549

act of uniformity

1549

book of common prayer

1549

kett’s rebellion

1549

somerset’s power was declining, and the duke of northumberland was gaining power and influence in his place

1552

somerset was arrested, tried for treason, and executed

1550

john dudley became the lord president of the privy council

1551

john dudley became the duke of northumberland

january 1552

treason act

* questioning either the royal supremacy and the beliefs of the english church became an offence