A&P Test Questions - final

Which of these is an anatomical study?

Using an electron microscope to determine the shape and location of mitochondria.

Within the respiratory system, the trachea (windpipe) would be described as a/an:

organ

This question is based on the image of a human with a line representing a cut section. What plane of section does this line represent?

*horizontal line going through skull from left to right

transverse

A typical "wrist watch" usually has its band around structures of the:

forearm

Which of these named regions is associated with an upper extremity?

axillary (armpit)

Which of the following structures is in the most proximal location?

thigh

A self-amplifying chain of biological events is best described as:

positive feedback

During homeostatic regulation of body temperature, shivering muscles would be described as:

effector

This question is based on the illustration of water molecules. The line indicated by 'r' represents a/an

*bond between oxygen and hydrogen

polar covalent bond

If an aqueous solution is more alkaline than pure water, what else is true about it?

Its pH number is higher than 7

This question is based on the molecular illustration. The molecule shown is an example of a/an

carbohydrate

A connection between atoms based on the atoms sharing one or more electrons between them is describe as:

covalent bond

Which of the following should be LEAST soluble in water?

cholestrol

Which of the following is the most typical way cells would use triglyceride fats?

energy storage

Amino acids could be assembled together into:

a polypeptide

Which of these does NOT belong in the structure of a nucleotide?

long hydrocarbon chain

A big molecule sticking out of the side of a cell is anchoring the cell to another cell. What kind of molecule is best suited to do this job?

protein

Which of these ions should be at the lowest concentration in the cytosol of a normal cell?

calcium

The mid-sized cytoskeleton fibers that go across the cell from side to side and hold the nucleus in position are the:

intermediate filaments

The outermost boundary of a human cell is its:

plasma membrane

A small organelle made of protein and nucleic acid that reads instructions to make protein is a/an:

ribosome

The endoplasmic reticulum membranes of a cell are inter-connected to

the nuclear envelope

If a cell is making new membrane materials for growth, where should production of the new molecules take place?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

What best describes the job of the Golgi complex/apparatus?

Modifying new proteins to make them ready for use

Which of these is a necessary INPUT for a mitochondrion as it does its ATP production job?

O2

What feature of a chemical reaction would tend to make it relatively easy to reverse?

The reactants are very similar in energy content to the products.

When an enzyme speeds up a reaction, it is doing so by:

Decreasing the activation energy needed by the reactants.

When glucose sticks to the active site of an enzyme that will catalyze some reaction of glucose, the glucose can best be called a/an:

substrate

The specificity of an enzyme refers to:

how picky it is about what molecule(s) it works on or with

The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes a reaction involving glycogen, and can be turned on by having an adenosine mono-phosphate molecule stick into a regulatory binding site on the enzyme . This change is best called:

non-covalent regulation

Which of these has to do its primary job inside the nucleus of a cell?

spliceosome

In cells, the term translation refers to:

Making protein from instructions in mRNA

As part of its normal job, an RNA polymerase needs to interact with

transcription factors

Transcription factors bind to regions of:

double-stranded DNA

A fat cell that stores fat, and a muscle cell that pulls, differ in the proteins they make because:

They are using instructions from different genes out of the same set.

This question is based on the image, in which j and k are chromatids attached at m. This illustration represents:

one replicated chromosome

A cell with 46 replicated chromosomes goes through mitosis. What is the result at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis?

Two cells, each with 46 unreplicated chromosomes

During the cell cycle, at what point does a cell use the replication process to make new DNA?

S phase

In mitotic or a meiotic division, which of these named stages happens first?

prophase

Questions 5-6 are based on the illustration. How many total chromosomes are present

8

Which is the best description of what could be going on?

anaphase of either mitosis or meiosis II

When would it be reasonable to see combinations of chromosomes called tetrads?

prophase of meiosis I

In which of the following situations is mitosis NOT the right kind of cell division to use?

production of sperm or eggs

Which of the following properly describes the chromosomal situation in a human sperm cell?

haploid

What general sort of solute in the fluid around a cell is best qualified to get in by simple diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer?

something small and nonpolar

Which of these changes would speed up a simple diffusion process for some dissolved solute through a membrane?

decreasing the distance to travel through the membrane

Which of these claims about facilitated diffusion is TRUE?

It requires the use of an integral membrane protein

A human cell is dropped into pure water. What best describes the outcome?

water enters the cell by osmosis until it bursts

What kind of transport is a potassium leak channel doing?

facilitated diffusion

A cell has a lower concentration of glucose in its intracellular fluid than is found in the extracellular fluid. What is the best and most likely way for this cell to get new glucose into the cell?

facilitated diffusion glucose carrier

[This required you to evaluate possible options. Secondary active transport is a tool some cells use, but it is only needed if working against a concentration gradient. Here the concentration gradient favored entry, so the more expensive active process is not needed.]

As it runs, the sodium/potassium ATPase pump protein does all the following EXCEPT:

Producing a slight excess positive charge inside the cell

What goes through an aquaporin protein?

water

You measure the electrical condition in the cytosol of some human body cell, compared to a reference point in the extracellular fluid right outside. Which of the following values would be believable and unsurprising?

-60 millivolts

A cell has a membrane potential value that is right at the electrochemical equilibrium potential value for potassium ions. What else must be true?

the number of potassium ions leaving the cell matches the number going in

Which of the following has a positive electrochemical equilibrium potential, in the setting of a normal human cell?

sodium

Suppose a cell needs to reach as positive a membrane potential as possible. What move would best accomplish this?

increasing membrane permeability to calcium ions

What kind of molecule would a voltage-gated sodium channel need to be?

protein

Suppose you are trying to find out if some molecule (call it "Myrna") should be called a hormone. What do you need to know?

Whether or not "Myrna" got to its target cells in the blood.

If a chemical signal is water soluble, what else is most likely to be true about its signaling system?

Its receptors stick out of the outer surface of its target cells.

If you want a chemical signaling system to work really fast, what would be the best type of signal transduction system to use?

One where the receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel controlled by the signal.

In the adenylate cyclase signal transduction system, what is the second messenger?

cAMP

Which of the following describes a protein enzyme that catalyzes attachment of a phosphate group to some other protein?

protein kinase

If a chemical signal is a steroid, what signal transduction method will its receptors most likely use?

The receptors will be transcription factors that become active when the steroid binds to them.

What is the general significance of attaching phosphate groups to proteins as part of a signal transduction system?

Addition of a phosphate group makes a protein change shape and thus change function

Questions 30-32 are based on the diagram of a signal transduction system. The sequence of events is given in the circled numbers on arrows. Which structure represents the receptor for the arriving chemical signal?

f

What best describes structure G?

an active G protein

Protein k is working as a/an

ligand-gated ion channel

If normal regulation of blood glucose is a negative feedback system, what best describes the job of insulin?

A signal sent by the integrating center to effector(s).

When some arriving chemical signal activates a tyrosine kinase type receptor, what happens next?

The receptor becomes an active enzyme catalyzing covalent regulation of other proteins.

You are looking at cells surrounded by extracellular fluid in a person with (not adequately treated) Type I diabetes mellitus. What best describes the glucose concentration in the spaces here?

Glucose levels are abnormally high in the extracellular fluid and low inside the cells.

Glucose levels are abnormally high in the extracellular fluid and low inside the cells.

ground substance

What organization would give the strongest (toughest) connective tissue?

having collagen fibers as the main component, with a few fibroblasts

Which of these cells is specialized for endocytosis/phagocytosis?

macrophage

Absence of blood vessels is a characteristic of:

cartilage

Which of the following is a reasonable thing to use adipose tissue for?

Forming a layer that will restrict heat loss across the layer.

Which of these has the highest proportion of matrix and the smallest proportion of cell mass?

cartilage

Which is a main job of white blood cells?

fighting infection

Lacunae are a feature you should observe in:

hyaline cartilage

A tall, skinny, epithelial cell has the shape described as:

columnar

What kind of connections between cells would prevent solutes in the extracellular fluid from crossing an epithelial barrier layer by slipping in between the cells?

tight junctions

What combination of terms describing glands can be correctly applied to a sebaceous gland?

An exocrine gland performing secretion by the holocrine mechanism.

Where does a basement membrane belong?

Between the basal side of an epithelium and some connective tissue

What is a good place for a transitional epithelium?

lining urinary bladder

What job would be best done by a simple columnar epithelium with microvilli on the apical surfaces of the cells and lots of mitochondria inside them?

active transport across epithelium

What best describes the role of a serous membrane?

being a slippery, wet covering or lining

Myelin production in the central nervous system is done by

oligodendrocytes

Question 17 is based on the graph representing membrane potential values during an action potential in a neuron. What is the best description of ion channel conditions during the time marked 'x'?

*graph shows hyperpolarization period

Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed and voltage-gated potassium channels are open.

A skeletal muscle cell pulls when stimulated to do so by a neurotransmitter chemical from a neuron. The neuron that provided the stimulus to the muscle cells can best be called:

somatic motor

The dendrites of a neuron are typically used for:

information input

Which of these neuron features are voltage-gated sodium channels NOT responsible for?

Making the ion concentration differences across a neuron's cell membrane

What kind(s) of muscle cell is/are unable to contract unless stimulated by a neuron?

skeletal only

Suppose you are looking at a tissue and trying to decide what it is. What structure(s), if present, indicate(s) the tissue has to be cardiac muscle tissue?

intercalated discs

Mature neurons and mature skeletal muscle cells are both capable of all the following EXCEPT:

cell division

Where would you find the highest proportion of cells with more than one nucleus?

skeletal muscle tissue

The epidermis of the skin is:

all the stratified epithelium part of the organ

The role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells is:

calcium storage

Which of these changes would be helpful in slowing heat loss from a person in a cold environment?

constriction of blood vessels in the dermis