NPB101 MT3: endorcrine, renal, respiratory, temp reg

endrocrine system

regulates reproduction, metabolism, and energy

gland

makes and secretes hormone

organ

non-hormonal combination of tissues that carries out functions

hormone

chemical messengers that travel to tissues/organs in target cells to carry out functions

endocrine signaling

hormones travel through blood to targets, SLOWER and LONGER

neural signaling

NTs released across a synapse, FASTER and SHORTER

paracrine signaling

local signaling to nearby cells

hydrophillic hormones

cannot cross lipid bilayer so receptors on outside of membrane. 2 types: peptide and protein

lipophilic hormones

a.k.a. steroid, can cross membrane so target cells INSIDE the cell, require carrier proteins, derived from cholesterol

what hormones does the pancreas secrete?

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

what hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?

ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, LH, prolactin

what hormones does the adrenal gland secrete?

epinephrine/norepinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone, DHEAS

what hormones does the thyroid secrete?

T4 and T3

what hormone(s) does the parathyroid secrete?

PTH

what hormones do the ovaries secrete?

estradiol, inhibin, progesterone

what hormones do the testes secrete?

testosterone, AMH, inhibin

anabolism

part of metabolism that uses energy to build and repair tissues

catabolism

part of metabolism that breaks down complex molecules to release energy

through digestion proteins become…

amino acids

through digestion carbohydrates become…

glucose

through digestion triglycerides become…

fatty acids

hypoglycemia

chronic low glucose

hyperglycemia

chronic high glucose—> glucotoxicity or osmotic diuresis

pancreas

organ essential for exocrine functions (digestive enzymes) and endocrine functions hormones to regulate blood sugar (insulin/glucagon)

glycogenesis

when glucose is converted to glycogen

glycogenolysis

when glycogen is converted to glucose

gluconeogenesis

when amino acids are converted to glucose

Bowman’s capsule

beginning of the nephron where filtration starts

glomerulus

tiny, intertwined clusters of blood vessels at start of the nephron

growth hormone pathway

hypothalamus —> somatostatin —> GHRH —> ant. pit. —> GH —> liver —> IGF-1

growth hormone direct effects

adipose tissues (lipolysis), bone growth, protein synthesis, glucose synthesis

growth hormone indirect effects

IGF-1 in liver —> tissue growth and differentiation

vascular components of nephron

afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries

tubular components of nephron

bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, distal tubule, collecting duct

glomelular filtration

non-discriminative process when pressure in glomerulus is too high and protein-free plasma flows into bowmans capsule

tubular reabsorption

selective movement of filtered substances from tubular lumen to peritubular capillaries

tubular secretion

selective movement of non-filtered substances from the peritubular capillaries to the tubular lumen

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

volume of filtrate formed per minute

flow of nephron

glomerulus —> bowmans —> proximal tubule —> descending lop of henle —> thin ascending loop of henle —> thick ascending loop of henle —> distal tubule —> collecting ducts —> renal pelvis

osmosis

water leaving descending nephron loop attracted to salty medulla amd h20 enters bloodstream

active transport in nephron

Na+ and Cl- are released by ascending loop of henle to remove wastes

when nephron is dehydrated…

hypothalamus secretes ADH for collecting duct and distal tubule to release H20

when nephron is properly hydrated

ADH is not stimulated in the hypothalamus and tubules are not permeable to H20

H+ in secretion

controls pH, secreted by proximal/distal tubules

K+ in secretion

reabsorbed in proximal tubule and secreted in collecting/distal tubules

drugs/organic ions in secretion

disposed of in secretion

flow of urine

kidney —> ureter —> bladder —> urethra

ureter

transports urine from kidneys to bladderoh

bladder

stores urine until voided from body

urethra

carries urine from bladder to outside body

two mechanisms that keep GFR stable

autoregulation and sympathetic NS

autoregulation

kidney regulates itself without NS input

sympathetic NS in GFR reg

NS overrides autoregulation during emergencies (baroreceptors trigger RAAS)

RAAS stands for

Renin- Angiotensin- Aldosterone Syndrome

RAAS cycle

changes detected in BP/BV/Na+ by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors —> JG cells release renin from kidneys —> liver produces angiotensin—> ACE from lungs activated and combines with angiotensin I to make angiotensin II —> many functions

angiotensin II in adrenal gland

triggers aldosterone release leading to increased Na+ and h20 reabsorption

angiotensin II in post. pituitary gland

leads to increased ADH secretion —> increased h20 reabsorption

angiotensin II leading to vasoconstriction in arterioles

leads to increased blood pressure, increased sympathetic NS activity, increased GFR

countercurrent multiplication

process of concentrating urine

urine concentration in descending limb

PASSIVE countercurrent multiplication: highly permeable to H20 release

urine concentration in ascending limb

ACTIVE countercurrent multiplication: Na+ and salt leave the lumen

what is the medical term for emptying urinary bladder (peeing)

micturition

micturition is

peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle in ureter wall moving urine from kidneys to bladder to urethra (peeing)

internal urethral sphincter

INVOLUNTARY smooth muscle of bladder (parasympathetic conteol)

external urethral sphincter

VOLUNTARY skeletal muscle of bladder (MN control)

vertical osmotic gradient

uses countercurrent system to remove excess H20 and save extra H20 in urine

temp regulation nad energy is determined by

food intake and energy expended

leptin (function, source, and appetite effect)

negative feedback, adipose tissues/hypithalamus, decreases appetite

neuropeptide Y (NPY)(function, source, and appetite effect)

strong effect on inhibiting leptin, hypothalamus, increases appetite

melanocortins (POMC)

stimulated by leptin, hypothalamus, decreases appetite

ghrelin

hunger hormone that activates NPY, stomach, increases appetite

insulin

increases blood glucose and glucose uptake, pancreas, decreases appetite

ventilation

air exchange between atmosphere and alveoli

passive expiration

body returns to rest and inspiratory muscle is relaxed

active expiration

contract abs, diaphragm up, contract internal intercostal muscle, flatten ribs

type II cells in lungs

make surfactant and reduce surface tension

lungs are composed of

respiratory airways, pulmonary circulation, connective tissue

pluerae

surround the lungs and prevent friction when breathing

air flow

nasal passage —> pharynx —> larynx —> ttrachea —> bronchus —> bronchioles —> alvoelus

where is the conducting zone (resp)

bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

where is the respiratory zone (resp)

alveoli: gas and blood mixed

intrapleural pressure

pressure between walls of thorax and alveoli (always lower than alveolar p)

transmural pressure gradient

inflation and deflation across lung wall (Palv-Ppleu)

Boyle’s Law

large container: molecules far apart LESS PRESSURE; small container: molecules closer MORE PRESSURE

compliance

opposite of stiffness: how easily it exoands

compliance is determined by

stretchability of elastin based on surface tension and surfactant

surface tension

force between water molecules at the air-liquid interface within the alveoli

surfactant

fluid complex of lipids and proteins lining the alveoli in your lungs

which two forces in lungs work agaist each other in alveoli

surface tension and surfactant

Bohr effect

low concentration of carbon dioxide and a higher blood pH increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen

Haldane effect

oxygen you breathe in makes your blood release carbon dioxide (CO₂) so you can exhale it

tidal volume

air in and out in one breath

residual volume

amount of air in lungs after max effort expiration

anatomical dead space

air leftover from last breath