dcush midterm review

Prince Henry of Portugal

\-1455- Portuguese prince who appealed to Pope and was granted sole possession of lands South and East towards India.

\-”the navigator”

Christopher Colombus

\-spotted the Bahamas and asked Natives for gold if they had it the Spanish took it; if not the Natives were forced to search for it -thought he found India -made 3 more voyages

\-turned down by John II (Portugal)
\-sailed in 1492 expecting to est. a new trade route to Asia

Treaty of Tordesillas

\-Spain rejected Portugal's claim to the new lands, appealed to Spanish Pope Alex VI. \n -Established this- which gave all lands discovered or to be discovered west of the line to Spain east of the line to Portugal \n -set up the cultural expansion of things to come

Hernan Cortes

\-approached the Aztecs with a force of 600 men in 1519 \n -captured the leader Moctezuma \n -Aztecs rebelled killing Moctezuma, forcing Spanish to kill 1/3 of them \n -by 1521 smallpox had taken its toll and Cortes returned to conquer rebuilding it as Mexico City

Martin Luther

Leader of the Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation

\-emphasized personal Bible reading and freedom of individual conscience. \n -95 theses \n -wanted to move away from the corrupt Catholic Church \n -took hold because of nationalism in European countries (which caused people to move away from the Pope/Church

Elizabeth I

\-daughter of Anne Boleyn and King Henry VIII \n -"Virgin Queen". Virginia is named after her. \n -Protestant; est. Protestant churches

Franics Drake

-circumnavigated globe in 1577-1580

\-looted and burned St. Augustine

\-English privateer who attacked and looted from the Spanish

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

\-Escaped to Mexico City from Texas with a slave named Esteban. He was banished from Texas by Natives and not allowed to come back. Esteban came back to Texas and was killed.

\-First to lead an expedition into Texas.

Jamestown

\-Founded by the Virginia Company in 1607.

\-First successful English settlement in America.

\-tobacco allowed the colony to survive

Virginia Company

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.

Pilgrims

\-A subgroup of Calvinist/Separatist. Wanted to separate from the Church of England. \n - Settled Plymouth

Mayflower Compact

The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Anne Hutchinson

A devoted Puritan, started to hold prayer meetings where they discussed sermons. Felt God spoke directly to her (no ministers needed) Went outside of traditional women's role by taking a public stand. Banished to Rhode Island.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. He was able to form the colony because the King owed him 16,000 pounds, but he petitioned the King for permission to est. a colony instead.

William and Mary

King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only Protestants could be office-holders.

Salem, Massachusetts

Puritanical farming town in which the Salem Witch Trials occurred.

Middle Passage

\-caused supply of slaves to increase

\-The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

Black Codes

Laws that defined the control of the now free blacks.

Quakers

A member of a Christian movement (Protestant) that is devoted to peaceful principles.

Enlightenment

A movement focused on new ideas and educational growth \n Resulted in: \n -new colleges \n -literacy rates roses \n -less reliance on God in determining faith \n -more focus on rational/political thinking

Issac Newton

Focused his theories on Physics published in "Principia". Predicted the movements of planets, moons, flow of the tide, and force of gravity.

John Locke

\-"Two Treatises on Civil Govt.", Ideas of "Life, Liberty, and Property".

\-Influenced the Declaration of Independence.

Benjamin Franklin

\-Embodied the American spirit during the Enlightenment. \n -Poor Richard's Almanac \n -debate clubs, libraries, hospitals, and the College of Philadelphia \n -bifocals, lightning rod, Franklin stove

Great Awakening

Christian Rationalism based on morality and free will but rejected Calvinist belief that salvation came from the grace of God.

Old Light

Refused to accept new style of religious teachings.

Harvard

The oldest college in America, originally based on the Puritan commitment to an educated ministry. Product of the Enlightenment.

New Light

\-God is where the people are \n -more open religious acceptance like in Rhode Island

\-Johnathan Edwards preached on self-judgement to God's salvation and George Whitefield used his compelling presence to attract followers.

Louisbourg

English colonists attacked and took control of Fort Louisbourg. British return it back to the French. Makes colonist angry, small spark leading to Revolution.

Seven Years War

Caused by:-French mad because they lost King George's war and want to re-exert control in Ohio Valley

-British want to be able to sell land near modern-day Pittsburgh

-French begin to erect forts to exert control over the region

\-French and Indian War

George Washington

\n -Told to defend colonial interests in the Ohio Valley \n -brought 160 men, reinforced by some anti-French natives \n -retreats but then launches a surprise attack on a French scouting party \n -First President; steps down after 2 terms \n -Army leader of Revolution

Fort Necessity

A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.

Fort Duquesne

\- General Braddock comes to colonies with 2 regiments and hundred of provincial soldiers \n -Marches to Fort Duquesne \n -Arrogant and ignorant against native forces and tactics \n -brutally wounded by French and Indians

Treaty of Paris 1763

\\n -Caused France to lose all territory in North America.

\\n -Ended the war between the British and the French.

\\n -Some Natives continued their efforts in vain.

\\n -Proclamation of 1763 issued after this Treaty

Proclamation of 1763

\-Prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

\\n -restricted the colonists' access to the land

Loyalist

Colonists that are loyal to the British Crown.

Sugar Act

\-1764 \n -Britain reduced the tax on molasses to lower tariffs to promote British enterprise in the Caribbean rather than smuggling from the French.

Stamp Act

\-1765 \n -Required individuals to purchase stamps for official documents and published papers. Caused an increase in the value of products.

Patrick Henry

Elected to Virginia House of Burgesses. He passed resolutions for the colonist right to tax themselves, other states actions followed.

Sons of Liberty

\-Mostly propertied men. \n -Protesters formed attacking British officials' offices and homes which led to the resignation of officials.

Townshend Revenue Act

\-1767 \n -Raised revenues without gaining representations. \n -The revenues went to the British government to pay for the royal officials. \n -Took the payment (power) from local lawmakers.

Boston Massacre

\n -March 5, 1770 \n -Redcoat hits young kid. \n -Crowd gathers, throwing objects and guard knocked down. \n -Redcoats open fire. \n -Kill 5 wound 6. \n -Investigation and trial.

John Adams

\\n -negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) which ended the American Revolution.

\\n -Alien and Sedition Acts

\-1st vice president and 2nd president.

Coercive Acts

\n -"Intolerable Acts" \n -Created to punish Bostonians for the Tea Party \n -British officials removed; ports closed \n -Colonies banded together to support Boston

Intolerables

\-Boston Port Act - punishment for the Boston Tea Party

Common Sense

\n -A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation. \n -targeted the common man \n -The common man (using a common language) \n -+100,000 copies sold \n -King George rather than the Parliament

Declaration of Independence

\-Thomas Jefferson \n -Used the philosophies of John Locke and other Enlightenment writers

Articles of Confederation

\-A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. \n -Led to Shay's Rebellion

Treaty of Paris 1783

\\n -Gives US land boundaries from present-day Canada to the Mississippi River (to the 31st parallel)

\-Ends Revolutionary War (English Parliament votes)

Currency Act

\-prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy \n -stirred up opposition in the colonies

First Continental Congress

Delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Britain and to promote independence. They did not want war at first, but were willing to fight if necessary.

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence.

Lexington and Concord

\\n -Patriots hiding arms

\\n -British go back to Boston because of their loss

\-first battles of the Revolutionary War

Boston Tea Party

\-A 1773 protest against British taxes (viewed is manipulative) in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Bunker Hill

Breeds hill reinforcements set up \n -Patriots lost but caused 40% British losses \n -"Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes"

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

General Cornwallis

British general who surrendered at Yorktown \n -Lost because he thought that the forces were secured in the South.

Paul Revere

"The British are coming!" (Lexington and Concord)

Hessians

\-German mercenaries who sided with the British during the Revolutionary War \n -Defeated by Washington at the Battle of Trenton

Christmas Victory

\n -Battle of Trenton \n -Washington led an attack on Hessians during a winter storm \n -led many to extend their duty and inspired nearby militia to join

Saratoga

\-The turning point of the American Revolution. France decided to help the Americans after Horatio Gates victory against General Burgoyne. \n -Won after rolling boulders in the way and firing cannons day and night at British soldiers.

Valley Forge

\-Patriots winter in Valley Forge after losing at Germantown (starving/freezing, soldiers are sick and dying, army took livestock from Maryland to restore health, Baron von Steuben trains army)

Baron von Steuben

\-Prussian soldier who helped train American forces at Valley Forge in the American Revolutionary War. \n -Trained them how to march, handle weapons, and hold formations.

Yorktown

\-British General Cornwallis thinks the southern colonies are secure but Washington's troops surround him. \n -British will to fight ends, so does money.

Constitutional Convention

\\n -Thomas Jefferson and John Adams not in attendance due to ambassadorships

Delegates began to meet to revise the Articles of Confederation (start a new govt.

Statue for Religious Freedom

Written by Thomas Jefferson; ended most state-established churches

Standing Army

\\n -Formed after the national army was disbanded following the revolution.

\-A permanent army of paid soldiers.

John Jay

\-1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington, father of the Jay's Treaty, wrote parts of the Federalist Papers

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

\\n -Banned slavery in the new territories, but slaves that existed would be allowed to remain

\\n -Indian land couldn't be taken w/o consent (ha)

\-More congressional control over territory Northwest of the Ohio River.

Northwest Ordinance (3 stages of growth)

1\. Appoint a governor and laws. \n 2. Population reaches 50,000 adult males: legislature \n 3. Free population reaches 60,000- apply for statehood \n -Ohio admitted in 1803

Shaysites

\-rebels who followed Daniel Shays in Shays Rebellion; rebellious debtors that states weren't helping

James Madison

-Led US into War of 1812, the country wasn't ready but calls for it came anyways as an effort to display its might.

\-"Father of the Constitution," Democratic-Republican

\\n -Fourth President of the United States

\\n -named successor by Jefferson

\\n -won the election of 1808 keeping control of Congress for Republicans

Virginia Plan

\-Virginia supports bicameral legislature with representatives (based on population).

New Jersey Plan

\-New Jersey wants a single house with representatives like in the Articles.

Great Compromise

\-Roger Sherman proposes a bicameral legislature \n 1st house: House of Representatives based on population \n 2nd House: Senate based on representatives

Federalists

\-Federalist want a strong central government (they write the Federalist Papers)

Anti-Federalists

\n -Felt that the new government was too close to the monarchy \n -not enough emphasis placed on personal and states rights \n -wanted a Bill of Rights

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. Deemed unconstitutional through Marbury vs. Madison.

Bill of Rights

\-stated the rights granted to all people (limiting federal government powers) \n -demanded for by the Anti-Federalists

Alexander Hamilton

\-Federalist; first Secretary of Treasury \n -does not want to support France during their Revolution

Republican Party

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories.

Thomas Jefferson

\-First Secretary of State \n -Wrote the Declaration of Independence \n -Anti-Federalist/Democratic Republican \n -wants to support France during their Revolution

Whiskey Rebellion

\- Western Pennsylvania farmers angry at the tax placed on alcohol bc they produced it \n -Refused to pay, attacked tax collectors, burned barns, destroyed stills of those who would pay \n -Washington sent militia men to shut down rebellion \n -Significant because it showed the strength of the new federal government to STOP the rebellion and TAX citizens (a power not previously held due to the Articles of Confederation).

Alien Act

\-Allowed the president to jail or deport any non-citizen considered a spy.

Sedition Act

Allowed imprisonment and fines for criticizing the govt. \n -Prime targets: Republican supporters \n -Gave legitimacy to the Republican Party due to Feds overstepping their constitutional boundaries.

St. Domingue

\-Modern-day Haiti during 1790s \n -Led by Touissant L'Overture defated local masters, French, British, and Spanish \n -Napoleon tried to regain control but his army was decimated by disease. Rebels establish Haiti as an independent nation.

Significance of St. Domingue

\-transitions to the harshness of slavery \n -led to other slave rebellions \n -Napoleon sells Louisiana Purchase

Midnight appointments

\-As John Adams tern ended he appointed many federalist judges to office \n -Thomas Jefferson wanted Republican govt. to overturn those appts.

John Marshall

\-Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams through "midnight appointment" \n -Judge for the court case: Marbury vs. Madison

Marbury vs. Madison

\-William Marbury, nominated by Adams as a Justice of the Peace but disallowed by Jefferson's administration. \n -Marshall ruled that he wished to uphold Marbury's position, but couldn't. 1789 Judiciary Act was unconstitutional. \n -Established Judicial Review

Aaron Burr

Served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him.

Louisiana Purchase

\-France acquires the entire territory from a secret treaty from Spanish \n -US worried about Spain's influence in the region \n -Ambassadors sent to secure New Orleans and access to the Mississippi River \n -Napoleon sold the entire Louisiana Territory for 15 million \n -gave up dream of an American empire after defeat at Haiti

Merriweather Lewis

\-led the louis and clark expedition

\-Federalist opposed the war (North states) because they feared losing maritime trade \\n -Republicans wanted war (South states) \\n -Stop British led Natives invasions \\n -Native American conflicts \\n -Creek War

Why was the War of 1812 fought?

\-British were moving into Great Lakes area trying to cause problems between Americans and Indians \n -British were practicing impressment \n -Americans viewed it as an opportunity to take a stand against British hostilities

Tecumseh

\-Shawnee leader attempted to unite Indians with British assistance, to stop further invasion into their lands. \n -Managed to form alliance with 11 native tribes to defend lands.

Battle of Tippecanoe

\-1,000 US forces led by Indiana governor William Henry Harrison advanced on Tecumseh's capital of Prophetstown.

William Henry Harrison

\-Whig party candidate from the Battle of Tippecanoe. \n -Won the election, tried to prove he wasn't old by giving a long speech in the cold. \n -Died of Pneumonia

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). This led to him winning the popular vote (wasn't the sixth president because of the corrupt bargain). Spoils System.

James Monroe

Virginia Republican \n -Honest and dependable \n -former Secretary of War and Secretary of Treasury

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion.