Lecture Exam #2
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133 Terms
What is the most important feature of all protozoans?
They are very small
What is the cell membrane?
a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell. It separates the cell's internal environment from the external environment and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, which gives it selective permeability and allows it to regulate the transport of molecules and ions.
What are 2 other names for “Cell Membrane?
Plasma membrane or Plasmalemma
What is osmosis?
the movement of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, in order to equalize the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane. It is a vital process for the balance of fluids in living organisms.
What is diffusion?
the process by which particles or molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. It occurs due to the random motion of particles and is driven by the goal of achieving equilibrium.
What is active transport?
a process in which cells move molecules or ions against their concentration gradient, requiring energy in the form of ATP. It is essential for the uptake of nutrients and the removal of waste materials in cells.
What is a Pellicle?
Is found under the cell membrane. Made of proteins, firm and flexible. Considered a protein matrix. Gives paramecium its shape
What is a Test?
A non living feature of protozoans, attached to the cell. Arcella is the organism that uses it
What is the cytoplasm?
the liquid that fills the inside of a cell. Made up of the ectoplasm and endoplasm
What is the ectoplasm?
It is gel like and clear. It is found under the cell membrane and determines the shape/form of the cell
What is the endoplasm?
It is opaque and granular. It is fluid like and has other organelles in it
What is pinocytosis?
When the cell forms a vesicle to “drink”. It is the uptake of extracellular fluids and dissolved solutes, such as fat droplets, vitamins, and antigens.
What is phagocytosis?
process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles. ex) amoeba ingesting a paramecium because it is food.
What is osmoregulation?
a homeostatic mechanism that regulates the optimum temperature of water and salts in the tissues and body fluids. It maintains the internal environment of the body through water and ionic concentration.
What is the contractile vacuole?
used to excrete excess water out of protozoans. This way there is not too much water in them
What are the differences between flagella and cilia?
While flagella and cilia are both used for movement. They bot have different structures of movement. For example, cilia are numerous and mainly found on eukaryotes and they can be moved in many ways. While flagella are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and the beating pattern of flagella involves circular, wave-like or propeller-like motion.
What is an example of an organism with cilia vs one with flagella?
cilia - paramecium
flagella - volvox
What are pseudopodia?
a temporary projectile that is mainly seen in amoebas to help them capture food particles and eat them
What is endocytosis?
when the cell brings in a large molecule or organism into it. It rearranges the cell membrane to engulf “food”
What are the 2 types of sexual reproduction that protozoans have?
Protozoans can sexually reproduce (sperm + egg = zygote) or they can asexually reproduce
How does asexual reproduction happen for protozoans?
clone, mitosis, or they can be genetically identical
schizogony occurs for asexual reproducing protozoans or binary fision
What is conjugation?
mainly found in paramecium. genetically different organisms are made. It is “gene swapping” when two paramecium give each other pieces of DNA but do not swap gonads (i.e sexually reproduction: sperm does not meet egg)
What is Schizogony?
a form of asexual reproduction where the cell reproduces from 1 into 100 identical copies of itself
What is Binary fission?
A form of asexual reproduction where the cell splits into 2 or 3 identical versions of itslef
What does it mean when an organism is “Autotrophic?”
The organism can produce its own food via photosynthesis
What does it mean when an organism is “Heterotrophic?”
The organism ingests other material to serve as food i.e it cannot produce its own food
What is the nucleus?
It contains the genetic material of the organism
What is mutualsim?
When 2 organisms benefit from each other
What is parasitism?
When 1 organism benefits while the other is harmed
What is an example of mutualism in protozoans?
when a protozoan inside of a termite helps it digest wood.
What is an example of parasitism in protozoans?
Plasmodium is a parasite that infects humans and is the cause of malaria
What are the advantages to multicellularity?
larger size, longer life, and specialization of cells
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Physical Protection
Water Balance
Dissipation of Heat
Coloration
Secretion
Sense Organs
Synthesis of Vitamin D (sunlight)
Locomotion
Respiration = Breathing
What are Melanocytes?
Pigment cells found in the epidermis. They use melanophores to produce melanin (skin pigment). Mainly found in endotherms that have a high resting metabolism and are warm blooded
What are Iridophores?
the cells that are made up of stacks of thin protein plates that function as multilayer reflectors. Usually found in ectotherms that are cold blooded. These are fast to change and are controlled by the animal’s nervous system or hormones
What are Xanthophores?
Yellow pigment that reflects yellow
What are Erythrophores?
These animals reflect red as their skin/ feather color
What are mammals considered to be in terms of Chromatophores?
Melanocytes
What are the 4 different types of Hard Tissues?
Enamel
Enameloid
Dentin
Bone
What is Enamel?
The hardest tissue. Is shiny and translucent in adults. Develops by a protein template made from epithelial cells and these cells are called amelo blasts. These secrete a protein called amelogenin and this protein binds to both calcium and surfaces. Acts like glue. As the tooth matures the protein matrix degrades and in the adult it becomes enamel which cannot be altered or replaced.
What is Enameloid?
Constructed differently from enamel. Crystal formation is different. The 2nd hardest tissue. Really only found in primitive bony fish and cartilaginous fish (sharks). Ganoine is a type of enameloid. Develops in the epidermis
What is Dentin?
The 3rd hardest tissue. Harder than bone but softer than enamel/ Enameloid found sandwiched between the two. Acellular bone. Can be seen in elephants or Walrus’. Cosmine is a type of dentin that is found in fossiled fish. Develops in the epidermis
What is Bone?
Softest of the hard tissue. Develops deeper in the dermis under the dentin.
What are the different types of bone?
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone
Which type of scale is this?
armor shield
Which type of scale is this?
Early Ganoid Scale
Which type of scale is this?
Late Ganoid Scale
Which type of scale is this?
Elasmoid Scale
Which type of scale is this?
Placoid Scale
What are the different structures derived from scales?
Teeth
Osteoderm
armadillo shells
fin rays
Which animal groups have scutes?
Reptiles and some birds
What is the structure of the skin of the bony fish?
Their environment is less stressful and more stable than the land environment. The skin of the bony fish is simple in structure. It has a layer of epidermis and the thickness varies slightly. Imbedded in the epidermis are different glands, deeper in the dermis there are dermal scales.
How is the structure of the skin of bony fish different from other skin?
Other skin structures are more complex with multiple layers which include: epidermis, dermis, enamel, and Enameloid to name a few
What is the same of the skin of bony fish and other species skin?
Other skins types also have glands and also have a dermis and epidermis
What glands do bony fish have?
Mucous glands that help the fish be clean
Poison glands that are associated with spines
Some glands that produce light
What is the structure of skin in amphibians?
Thin skin that may be covered in waxy secretions to prevent drying out. Use their skin for respiration. Amphibians also have glands across their skin. They have mucous glands, “warts” that are actually poison glands that secrete a milky fluid.
What is the structure of skin in reptiles?
“air proof” skin. Reptiles skin prevents the internal water from leaving their body. Reptiles cannot breath across their skin. They have keratin and lipids in their skin. Their skin is covered in scutes. Reptiles also have scent glands in their skin. This helps them with social behavior, usually found in tails, jaw, and back legs
How is the skin of a reptile shed?
Usually shed in one piece or smaller pieces. Shedding happens under hormonal control and has to do with how much the animal is eating. Some scutes never shed.
What is the structure of skin of birds?
Bird feathers are all keratin. Their skin is very thin and weakly keratinized because their skin produces feathers that are heavily keratinized. Feathers grow similar to mammalian fur/ hair in that the feathers
What is keratinized on birds?
Feet are heavily keratinized, feathers are heavily keratinized, and skin is thin and weakly keratinized. Beaks are made of keratin and so are their claws
What glands do birds have?
Preen gland or a uropygial gland and it secretes oil that the bird spreads over its feathers. Found at the base of their tail. Birds don’t get wet thanks to this gland.
What is the structure of skin of mammals?
Thickest skin of all tetrapod’s. Especially the dermis. There is keratin in the skin. The epidermis can be thick in area’s where there is no hair.
What are some distinct mammalian characteristics?
Hair or fur which are made of keratin. Also whiskers and eyelashes. A hoof or nail is made of keratin. Baleen is made of keratin found in whales
What glands do mammals have?
Sebaceous gland which is the oil in their hair.
Sweat glands are a epidermal derivative that decreases the temperature of the animal. The location of sweat glands vary. Some glands that derive from sweat glands are the wax gland in the ear and the moll’s gland in the eye
Mammary Glands that secrete milk. These are found in primates, elephants, Bats, and Manatees.
What type of horn is found on a rhino?
Solid keratin horn that is not vascular and not considered to be a “true horn.”
What type of horn is found on cattle?
A true horn that has a keratin sheath and covers the dermal bone. It grows with the animal and is never shed
What type of horn is found on a giraffe?
Ossicones that have fur. Found on the dermal bone that fuses to the skull and it covered in fur. Not considered a “true horn.”
What is the difference between horns and antlers?
Antlers begin growing in spring. “Velvet” which is the epidermis is growing and it is bone protruding from the deer’s skull. During mating season in sept-oct the deer’s fight and mate then the antler is shed. This happens yearly.
Horns are made of keratin and some can be shed but are not “true horns” true horns do not shed and grow with the animal.
What type of horn is found on a pronghorn?
Their horns are furry and have a keratin sheath that is shed every year. It is made of dermal bone.
Where do teeth evolve from?
Placoid Scales
What does intracellular mean?
Inside the cell
What does extracellular mean?
To happen outside of the cell.
What is part of the extracellular space?
Collagen - a protein, has tensile strength, and is abundant
Elastic fibers - Elastin, protein, stretchy and bends, and returns to shape
What does the term “tissue” mean?
a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Epithelium
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
What are some characteristics of epithelium tissue?
apical surface meaning that it is the top of the skin. It is avascular meaning that there is no blood flow. Also it can regenerate meaning that there is a high level of cell division. There can be one layer or multiple layers of epithelium
What are some characteristics of Connective Tissue?
It is vascular except for the cartilage parts and the tendon. It has adipose which is loose connective tissue that stores fat. Adipose is found beneath the skin and is used for protection. There is also areolar connective tissue which has fibers + collagen. It is found in the dermis of the skin. Blood is also a part of this type of tissue where the red and white blood cells are found. Bone, hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage are also part of this type of tissue
What are some characteristics of Muscle tissue?
This is a contractile tissue. Consists of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
What are some characteristics of nervous tissue?
Sends signals to the rest of the body.
What is the shape of the squamous cells?
flat and sheet like
How does the shape of the squamous cells relate to the function of squamous epithelium?
Squamous cells form a membrane to help water and other things diffuse through the cell. It acts as a protective layer that’s why it has a flat and sheet like shape
What is the value of having simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium than simple squamous epithelium?
Simple columnar epithelium serves as better protection for the cell
What is the disadvantage of simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium?
Diffusion is not as easy
Are cuboidal and columnar cells really cubes and rectangles?
They are cubes and rectangles. Their shape is accounted by the jobs that they have and how spaced out they are.
What is the value of having several layers of epithelial cells?
Protection
what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
allows selective diffusion of materials to pass through
where is simple squamous epithelium found?
lining the cavities of the body including the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities, or in areas where passive diffusion occurs, such as glomeruli in the kidney and alveoli in the respiratory tract.
what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
absorption and secretion of substances like water and salt in the kidneys and hormones and other substances produced by glands
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
lining kidney tubules and bronchioles in the lungs.
What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
Secretion, excretion, and absorption
Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?
in the bronchi of lungs, uterine tubes, uterus, and a portion of the spinal cord.
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss
Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?
The skin
What is the function of Areolar Connective Tissue?
provides support and helps to protect organs, muscles, and many other tissues
Where can areolar tissue be found?
between skin and muscles, in the bone marrow, around the blood vessels and nerves, and in the space inside the organs.
What is the function of Adipose connective tissue?
Energy storage
Where can adipose tissue be found?
under the skin (subcutaneous fat), packed around internal organs (visceral fat), between muscles, within bone marrow, and in breast tissue.
What is the function of cartilage?
the ability to resist compressive forces, enhance bone resilience, and provide support on bony areas where there is a need for flexibility
Where can Cartilage be found?
Joints, the end off ribs, and by the ear