BIOL 212 EXAM #3

CHPT 32 (Deuterostomes) CHPT 39 (Animal Structure, Function, and Homeostasis) CHPT 45 (The Immune System) CHPT 49 (Endocrine Regulation)

What are dueterostomes?

\-"second mouth"

\-anus develops from the blastopore and before the mouth

\-have shared derived characters

\-3rd branch of the animal kingdom

\-include Phylum: Echinoderms (Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, & Sand Dollars), Chordates (Humans and Vertebrate\[animals with vertebral columns and bony cranium\]), and Hemichordates (marine worms)

What characteristics distinguish Dueterostomes from Protostomes?

mouth first, determinate cleavage, and spiral cell division- Protostomes

anus first, indeterminate cleavage, and radial cell division- Dueterostomes

What are some Echinoderms?

Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Sand Dollars

What are the derived characteristics of Echinoderms?

Highly derived body plan

1) Unusual Symmetry (bilateral symmetry-> pentaradial symmetry)

2) Spiny Skin

3) Water Vascular System

4) Tube Feet

Label the parts of the Sea Star:

1. Madreporite
2. Anus
3. Radial Canal
4. Gonads
5. Tube Foot
6. Podium
7. Ampulla
8. Digestive Glands
9. Central Ring Canal
10. Stomach
11. Exterior: spine, dermal gill, & Pedicellariae

what are Chordates?

Coelomates with bilateral symmetry, a tube within-a-tube body plan, & three well developed germ layers

Shared derived characters of Chordates (4)

1. Notochord
2. Dorsal Nerve Cord
3. Postanal Tail
4. Endostyle

Notochord

is the dorsal/longitudinal rod composed of spongy connective tissue cells surrounded by a tough fibrous sheath- supports the body and embryonic development

Dorsal Nerve Cord

different from the nerve cord- it is located dorsally and is hollow/single not double

Postanal Tail

appendage (during larva or embryo) posterior to anus

Endostyle

a groove on the floor of the pharynx that secretes mucus and traps food particles

What is an example of Invertebrate Chordate?

Tunicates/Unochordates and Lancelets

Label the General Chordate body plan:

1. Brain
2. Dorsal, Tubular Nerve Chord
3. Notochord
4. Posterior Tail
5. Segmented Muscles
6. Anus
7. Intestine
8. Pharyngeal slits
9. Heart
10. Endostyle
11. Pharynx
12. Mouth

Label the parts of the Sea Squirt:

1. Incurrent siphon
2. Ganglion
3. Atrium
4. Excurrent siphon
5. Anus
6. Tunic
7. Esophagus
8. Stomach
9. Heart
10. Ovary
11. Testis
12. Intestine
13. Digestive Gland
14. Endostyle
15. Pharynx with Slits
16. Oral Tentacles

What are Vertebrate?

Subphylum of chordates that includes fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals; have a vertebral column

What are the shared derived characteristics of Vertebrates?

1. Neural Crest Cells, Cranium
2. Jaws
3. Paired Appendages
4. Lungs
5. Swimming Bladder
6. Limbs
7. Amniotic Egg
8. Hair
9. Mammary Glands

Classify Hagfish

Jawless, Marine fish that lack paired appendages; the notochord is ther only axial support

Classify Lamprey

Jawless, Fresh water and marine fish with skeletons of cartilage; complete cranium and rudimentary vertebrae; gills; specialized sense organs

Classify Chondrichthyes (Sharks & Rays)

ovoviviparous, Jawed marine and freshwater fishes with skeleton of cartilage; vertebrae present; gills; placoid scale; two pairs of fins; ovoviviparous or viviparous (a few species); well-developed sense organs

Classify Actinoptergii (Most Fish- perch, salmon, tuna, trout…)

Jawed and Bony, marine and freshwater fishes; gills; swim bladder; generally oviparous

Classify Sarcoptergii (Lung Fish)

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Jawed and Bony freshwater fishes; have both functional gills and lungs

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Classify Amphibians (Frogs)

Tetrapod, amniotes with horny scales; adapted fro reproduction and land (internal fertilization, leathery shell, amnion); lungs; ventricles of heart partly divided

Classify Amniotes (Reptiles \[includes birds\] & Mammas)

Tetrapods and Terrestrial Vertebrates: with two complete ventricle; care for their young. birds have feathers; anterior limbs modified as wings; compact endothermic; vocal calls and complex songs

Label an Amniotic Egg:

1. Embryo
2. Amnion
3. Chorion
4. Allantois
5. Yolk Sac
6. Albumen
7. Shell

What is the Embryo in an Amniotic Egg?

fetus

What is an Amnion in an Amniotic Egg?

Protects Embryo- forms a fluid filled sac around embryo to keep it moist and acts as a cushion to protect the embryo

What is a Chorion in an Amniotic Egg?

Encloses embryo and other membranes

What is an Allantois in an Amniotic Egg?

stores metabolic waste in reptiles and birds

used for gas exchange

What is a Yolk Sac in an Amniotic Egg?

Encloses yolk/Chorion and provides nutrients

What is an Albumen in an Amniotic Egg?

provides nutrients

What is a shell in an Amniotic Egg?

protects egg

Distinctions between Protherians, Metatherians, & Eutherians?

?

What is tissue?

group of cells that carry out a function

What is an example of Epithelium Tissue?

outer layer of skin or liner of cavity/ lumen of the intestine

What is the general function of Epthelium Tissue?

outer layer/linings of digestion, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts

Epithelial Tissue

cells fitted together tightly to form a continuous layer or sheet of cells

what is an example of Connective Tissue?

collagen fiber, elastic fiber, or reticular fiber

what is the general function of Connective Tissue?

support other body structures

Connective Tissue

supports and cushions the frame work of the body

embedded in an extensive intercellular substance consisting of threadlike, microscopic fibers scattered throughout a thin gel of polysaccharides that the cells secrete

what is an example of Muscle Tissue?

Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Smooth Muscle

what is the general function of Muscle Tissue?

movement by contraction

Muscle Tissue

cylindrical or spindle shaped cells

parallel contractile units- Myofibrils

Skeletal Muscles

large muscle masses attached to the bones of the body

Smooth Muscle

walls of the digestive tract, uterus, blood vessels, and other internal organs

contract of these muscles allow organs to preform funcitons

What is an example of Nervous Tissue?

Neuron and glial cells

What is general function of Nervous Tissue?

Controls muscles and glands

Nervous Tissue

receive and transmit signals

Cardiac Muscle

tissue of the heart

made up of complex networks

when muscles contract blood is pumped through the heart

Describe Hierarchy fo organization

(provide an example)

Cell→Tissue→Organ→Organ System→Organism

Homeostasis

basic concept of physiology

the balanced internal environment

what is Negative Feedback System?

a change in some steady state which triggers a response that counteract, or reverse, the change

what is an example of Homeostasis Negative Feedback System?

normal body temperature

what is Positive Feedback System?

a change in some steady state sets off a response that intensifies the changing condition

what is an example of Homeostasis Positive Feedback System?

child birth

as a baby pushes on the cervix the uterus continues to contract until child is born

Sensor

Specialized Neurons detect change from set point

detects change of normal condition or set point

integrator

temperature regulating center in hypothalamus is body thermostat

Effector(s)

organ or process that helps restore to the steady state

Is this Negative or Positive Feedback System?

Negative Feedback System

Is this Negative or Positive Feedback System?

Positive Feedback system

Identify these parts

stressor


1. -
2. sensor
3. integrator
4. -
5. effectors
6. Responce

what is the Immune System?

the ability to recognize and destroy foreign or dangerous macromolecules (can distinguish between self and nonself)

what is a Pathogen?

disease-causing agents/organisms

what cells are involved in immunity?

phagocytes

natural killer cells

dendritic cells

Neutrophils (white blood cells phagocytose 20 bacteria before dying)

Macrophages (large phagocytes can phagocytes 100 bacteria before dying)

features of innate immune response

Barriers:

* Antimicrobial secretions
* Skin and mucous membranes

Detect Invaders:

* Pattern Receptors (PRRs)
* Complement Systems

Eliminate Invaders:

* Interferon response
* phagocytosis
* complement activation
* inflammatory responce
* fever

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Toll-Like-Receptors/tough outer covering

in the plasma membrane

recognize nonself cells

Phagocytes

Travel in Lymph and Blood, and may move out of vessels and into tissue

cells that move throughout the body engulfing and destroying bacteria

Produce cytokines

white cells

Cytokines

Soluble Signaling proteins that bind to a cell’s surface receptors and alter that cell’s behavior

signaling molecules and preform regulatory functions; signal brain to produce fever

Complement

supports actions of other defense responces

Made up of 20 different proteins

Inflammation

response to injury or infection

during white blood cells and plasma proteins help locate infection

adaptive features of immume response

introduction of virus to create immunity

* Specificity
* ability to distinguish self from nonself
* Diversity (response to wide variety of nonself molecules
* immunological memory

Antigen and antibodies

T Cytotoxic Cells

Mature in the thymus

Cellular immune response

recognize virus-infected or mutated cells and kill them by lysis

T-Helper Cells

assist both humoral and cellular responses

B-Cells/ Plasma Cells

mature in the bone

Humoral Immune Response

secrete antibodies; effector T-Cells secrete Cytokinesknow

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Activation phase (B-Cells)

take up antigens bound to surface receptors by endocytosis, then display fragments on MHC II proteins

Cell-Mediated Immunity

T-Cells and APC (mainly dendritic cells and macrophage)

cells & macrophages (smart bacteria) destroy infected cells with viruses

Antibody Mediated Immunity

B-Cells (many copies of one specific antibody)

What is the basic Structure on Antibodies?

What is the basic function of Antibodies?

immunity from virus

What is Immunological Memory?

memory of b cells and t cells

memory of specific infections body will respond faster, already know how to fight infection

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

active immunity→ develops after the exposer to antigens (naturally or artificially)

result in memory cells that are present for many years

* naturally: pathogen enters body
* artificially: given through vaccine

Passive immunity→ develops without the exposer or immune reaction (naturally or artificially)

result in no memory cells and only immune for a few months

* naturally: transfer of antibodies from mother to baby
* artificially: injection of gamma globulin

what are some examples of immune failures, diseases, and harmful reactions?

autoimmune disease

allergic reactions

what is the endocrine system?

a diverse collection of cells, tissue and organs that produce and secrete hormones

what are hormones?

chemical messengers that regulate many physiological processes

“to excite” or stimulate changes in specific tissues

what are target cells?

cells that are influenced by particular hormones, characteristic response that bind with specific receptors

how is the endocrine system different than the nervous system?

how is the endocrine system involved in homeostasis?

interact to regulate the body

Endocrine system helps balance internal environment of the body

what are the 4 groups of hormones?

1. fatty acid derivatives
2. steroid hormone
3. amino acid derivatives
4. peptide hormones

what are fatty acid derivatives?

prostaglandins and juvenile hormones of insects

20-carbon fatty acid

5-carbon rings

what are steroid hormone?

the molting hormone of insects

in vertebrates: adrenal cortex, testis, ovary, and placenta secrete hormones synthesized from cholesterol

what are amino acid derivatives?

simplest group

thyroid hormones - synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine and iodine

epinephrine and norepinephrine produced by medulla or the adrenal gland

what are peptide hormones?

largest group

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones produced by hypothalamus

what are the 4 types of endocrine signaling?

1. Classical Endocrine signaling
2. Neuroendocrine signaling


1. Autocrine signaling
2. Paracrine signaling

what is Classical Endocrine signaling?

endocrine cells release hormones that are transported to target cells by the blood

what is Neuroendocrine signaling?

neurons release neurohormones, which are transported by blood or diffuse through interstitial fluid

what is Autocrine signaling?

a hormone acts on the very cell that produce it

what is Paracrine signaling?

a hormone diffuses through interstitial fluid and acts on nearby target cells

compare the mechanisms of small lipid soluble hormones with hydrophilic hormones

G-protein-linked receptors

transmembrane proteins and initiate signal transduction (convert an extracellular hormone signal into an intracellular signal that affects some cell process

enzyme-linked receptors

transmembrane proteins with a hormone-binding site outside the cell and an enzyme site inside the cell

what are first messenger?

relays information