APD Introduction to Heart (Lecture 25)

vena cava; aorta

The heart receives blood via the ________________ and sends blood out via the ___________.

True

True/False: The heart undergoes specialized intrinsic regulation (no input from anything else in the body).

deoxygenated; oxygenated

The heart pumps (deoxygenated/oxygenated) blood into the lungs & (deoxygenated/oxygenated) blood into the body.

tissues; blood; waste

Capillaries carry oxygen and nutrients to ___________ and carbon dioxide and waste to ___________. Lymphatics also pick up ________.

c. right atrium

The _____________ receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava.

a. left atrium
b. left ventricle
c. right atrium
d. right ventricle

Right ventricle

The _________________ pumps blood into lungs via the pulmonary trunk.

pulmonary trunk

The ______________ delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

pulmonary veins

The ____________________ deliver oxygenated blood to the left atria.

left atrium

The __________________ receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein.

left ventricle

The ______________________ pumps blood into the body via the aorta.

b. left ventricle

What is the chamber has the thickest wall within the heart?

a. left atrium
b. left ventricle
c. right atrium
d. right ventricle

1. Heart
2. Large arteries
3. Medium arteries
4. Small arteries
5. Arterioles
6. Capillaries
7. Postcapillary venules
8. Muscular venules
9. Small veins
10. Medium veins
11. Large veins

Identify the order of systemic circulation of blood starting with the heart and ending with large veins.

oxygen; CO2

Blood flows through the body to give off ___________ & pick up ____.

auricles; upper

Both atria are covered by ________ and are located on the ______ heart.

Right Atrium

--Receives deoxygenated blood from vena cava
--Pumps blood into the right ventricle

Left atrium

--Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein
--Pumps blood into the left ventricle

muscle; more thick

Both ventricles have walls of ____________. The left ventricle is (more thick/less thick) than the right ventricle.

Right ventricle

Pumps blood into lungs via pulmonary trunk

Left ventricle

Pumps blood into body via aorta

1. Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
2. Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid/mitral valve)

What are the two valves that separate the ventricles from the atria?

Semilunar valves

What valves separate the atria and pulmonary trunk?

Prevent back flow

What is the primary function of valves in the heart?

Left AV valve, bicuspid valve, mitral valve

What are the other names of the left atrioventricular valve?

Right AV valve, tricuspid valve

What are the other names of the right atrioventricular valves?

3

How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

Aortic valve

Valve that separates the left ventricle to aorta

Pulmonary valve

Valve that separates the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk

Mitral/bicuspid valve

What valve is the only valve in the heart with 2 cusps?

Chordae tendinae

____________________ are fibrous connections to the heart valves.

Prevent backflow

What is the function of chordae tendieae?

Papillary muscle

Where does chordae tendineae attach?

Fibrous skeleton

--Avascular region of the heart
--Lacks cardiac muscle
--Prevents unwanted electrical impulses

Interatrial septum

Wall of the heart that is thinner than septum between ventricles

septum

Holes may form or be present in either __________ at birth.

pericardium

What layer surrounds the heart?

Outer heart cavity--covers roots of great (major) vessels

What does the parietal layer of the pericardium cover?

mesothelium

The parietal layer of the pericardium is also known as the ____________.

The visceral

common facial

Retromandibular vein drains into facial vein to become _____________________ vein.

True

True/False: Internal & external jugular are separate branches.

Brachiocephalic vein

What does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?

superficial temporal vein; maxillary vein

The retromandibular vein is formed after the joining of the _______________________ & _______________________.

Coronary artery

--Blocked in heart attack (atherosclerosis)
--Controlled by autonomic nervous system
--Supply blood to heart walls and structures

Cardiac veins

--Controlled by autonomic nervous system
--Drain blood to heart walls & structures
--Meet at coronary sinus

1. Left main coronary artery
2. Left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD)
3. Left circumflex coronary artery (LC)
4. Right coronary artery (RCA)

What are the 4 main coronary arteries?

b. 60-100 bpm

How many beats per minutes is average for the sinoatrial node?

a. 50-70 bpm
b. 60-100 bpm
b. 70-110 bpm
c. 80-120 bpm

Near inferior vena cava entrance into the right atrium

Where is the SA node located?

SA node

The __________ is the pacemaker of the heart.

False

True/False: The heart requires outside signal to generate an action potential.

a. ~50 bpm

How many beats per minute is average for the atrioventricular node?

a. ~50 bpm
b. 60-100 bpm
c. 70-110 bpm
d. 80-120 bpm

Between right atria & ventricle

Where is the atrioventicular node located?

30-40

Ventricles beat naturally _______ bpm per minute (Purkinje cells/fibers).

AV node; atrial ventricular

The SA node sends an action potential through the heart via the ___________ & ___________________ muscle gap junctions.

Baroreceptors

--Detect arterial blood pressure
--Located in carotid sinus & aortic arch

Chemoreceptors

--Detect oxygen, CO2, pH
--Located in carotid & aortic bodies

Volume receptors

--Detect blood volume in heart
--Located in atria & ventricle walls

heart rate

Autonomic nerves regulate ____________________.

rate

Chronotropic corresponds to changes in ______.

force

Inotropic corresponds to changes in _______.

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Parasympathetic regulation includes innervation of what cranial nerve?

acetylcholine

What neurotransmitter is released with parasympathetic regulation?

bradycardia

Decreases heart rate/force

Norepinephrine

What neurotransmitter is released in sympathetic regulation?

Tachycardia

Increased heart rate/force

Bradycardia

What heart rate issue is associated with parasympathetic regulation?

Tachycardia

What heart rate issue is associated with sympathetic regulation?

Epinephrine; norepinephrine

The adrenal medulla releases ______________ & ______________.

positive; positive

Activation of B1 receptors causes a (negative/positive) chronotropic response and a (negative/positive) inotropic response.

force

A positive inotropic response causes an increased contraction _____.

rate

A positive chronotropic response causes an increased contraction ______.

Caffeine, thyroid hormone, calcium

What other substances contribute to positive hormonal regulation?

1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine

What two neurotransmitters released by the adrenal medulla are responsible for positive hormonal regulation?

-olol

What ending do β blocker drugs have?

β blockers

What drugs are adrenergic receptor blockers?

1. Adrenergic receptor blockers
2. Calcium channel blockers
3. Negative chronotropic
4. Negative inotropic

What are 4 mechanisms of negative hormonal regulation?