Athletic training test 3

Anemia can be defined as?

abnormal reduction in red blood cell (RBC) volume or hemoglobin concentration

What function does anemia affect in red blood cells?

It affects the function of hemoglobin (beta chain in hemoglobin molecule). It makes iron not bind well to oxygen.

What are the causes of anemia?

Impaired RBC formation
Excessive loss
Destruction of RBCs

What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for iron?

18 mg per day for females

Does anemia increase or decrease a person’s maximum aerobic capacity?

decreases

How does anemia affect patients' physical work capability at submaximal levels?

decreases their levels

For people with anemia, what factors become increased when they partake in physical activity?

Increase in lactic acidosis (H+ ions in blood)
Increase in fatigue

For people with anemia, how long can they exercise until they experience exhaustion?

Decrease in exercise time before they experience exhaustion

What are some predisposing factors for anemia?

Genetics
Age
Iron deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency (due to the intrinsic factor in the intestines)
Blood loss

Does iron deficiency develop quickly or gradually before it becomes evident?

Develops gradually through several stages before anemia becomes evident

Iron deficiency anemia can be characterized by?

Deficient hemoglobin synthesis

What are the early signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

Fatigue
Tachycardia
Blood mixed with feces
Pallor
Epithelial abnormalities

What are the later signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

Cardiac murmurs
Congestive heart failure
Loss of hair
Pearly sclera

How do you manage iron deficiency anemia?

Iron supplements
Avoid caffeine

What is exercised-induced hemolytic anemia?

Intervascular hemolysis
Can occur in both high and low impact activities
Rarely severe enough to cause appreciable iron loss

Define blood pressure?

Force per unit area exerted on walls of an artery

Blood pressure is the result of what?

Cardia output (mL/min) = Stroke Volume (mL/Beat) x Heart Rate (Beats/min)
Total peripheral resistance = opposition of flow (resistance of arteries to blood flow); vasoconstriction = increase resistance; vasodilation = decrease resistance

What does blood pressure reflect?

effectiveness of circulatory system

Blood pressure units; top/bottom units?

Measured in mm Hg
Top = systolic BP
Bottom = diastolic BP

What is systolic BP?

Pressure when the left ventricle contracts and expelled blood into the aorta
First, sound you hear when blood is entering back into arm when doing a blood pressure reading
Normal healthy person = 120 mm Hg for systolic reading

What is diastolic BP?

Residual pressure in the aorta between beats
This is the last sound you hear when measuring blood pressure
Normal healthy diastolic pressure = 70-80 mm Hg

What condition/disease results from high blood pressure?

hypertension

What is the definition of hypertension?

Sustained elevated blood pressure > 140 mm Hg (Systolic) or > 90 mm Hg (diastolic)

What are the risk factors for hypertension?

Age
Diabetes
Hereditary
High blood Lipids
Obesity
Race
Sex
Smoking

Prehypertension measurements are?

120 - 139 or 80-89

Stage 1 Hypertension measurements are?

140 - 159 or 90 - 99

Stage 2 hypertension measurements are?

> or equal to 160 or > or equal to 100

What are the guidelines for clearance to participate in sport and physical activity for mild or moderate and stage 2 hypertension?

Mild or moderate
No participation until physician clearance
Often allows to participate in BP is controlled and there is no target organ damage or heart disease
Stage 2
Physical activity restricted until hypertension is well controlled

What is the twofold treatment for hypertension?

Reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Prevent long-term complications

What is the nonpharmaceutical treatment method for hypertension?

Lifestyle modifications
Aerobic exercise

What are some pharmaceutical treatments for hypertension?

Diuretics
Antihypertensive

What is the definition of hypotension?

Fall of >20 mm Hg from a person’s normal baseline SBP

What causes hypotension?

Variety of factors
Shock
Acute hemorrhage
Dehydration
Orthostatic hypotension
Overtreatment of hypertension

Do people who are physically active need to be concerned about blood pressure?

Usually, have no need for concern

Define sickle cell anemia:

Abnormalities in hemoglobin structure

What results from sickle cell anemia ?

Characteristics: crescent-shaped RBC

What results from the crescent-shaped RBC?

RBC becomes fragile and unable to transport O2

What is the impact of exercising in high heat, humidity, and altitude?

These are risk factors for ppl who have sickle cell anemia
High heat = heat stroke risk
Humidity = heat exhaustion and increased pain
Altitude = low oxygen

Does sickle cell anemia show symptoms all the time?

No, can potentially be asymptomatic

What are some signs and symptoms that come with sickle cell anemia?

Recurrent bouts of swollen, painful, and inflamed hands and feet
Tachycardia
Severe fatigue
Headaches
Pallor (pail-looking skin)
Muscle Weakness

Are there any treatments for sickle cell?

No known treatments to reverse the condition

As an athletic trainer, how do you help an athlete with sickle cell anemia?

Make sure they are staying hydrated; use caution in conducive environments

Cerebral Palsy can be defines as?

a no progressive lesion or malformation of the brain that interferes with normal brain development before, during, or immediately after birth

The gross motor function classification system- expanded and revised for cerebral palsy:

This is a five-level classification that describes the gross motor classification
This is for children/youth between their 6th and 18th birthday

The manual ability classification system (MACS)

developed to classify how children with cerebral palsy (CP) use their hands when handling objects in daily activities.
This is a 4-level classification for children

The communication function classification system

The CFCS is a tool used to classify the everyday communication of an individual with cerebral palsy into one of five levels according to the effectiveness of communication.
It consists of five levels that describe everyday communication ability.

What is sudden cardiac death (SCD)?

an unexpected death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest within 6 hrs. Of an otherwise normal, healthy clinical state

What is the leading cause of death in young athletes?

Sudden cardiac death

What causes SCD?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Mitral valve prolapse
Myocarditis
Acquired valvular heart disease
Coronary artery disease
Marfan syndrome
Rare cardiac conditions

Noncardiac causes of Sudden Death
Commotio Cordis
Substance abuse
Cocaine
Anabolic steroids
Erythropoietin
Head injuries, heat illness
Sickle cell trait

What is Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

The abnormal thickness of the left ventricular wall
This can lead to electrical problems and abnormal rhythms
Usually undetected in PPE (pre-participation examination)
The exam should include thorough cardiac history and cardiac exam
Prodromal symptoms (refer to a physician)

What is mitral valve prolapse?

Redundant tissue is found on one or both leaflets of the mitral valve
During a ventricular contraction, part of the redundant tissue pushes back beyond the normal limit
Produces an abnormal sound followed by a systolic murmur as blood is regurgitated back through the mitral valve into the left atrium

What is myocarditis?

Inflammatory condition of muscular walls of the heart from a bacterial or viral infection

What can myocarditis result in?

Electrical instability and life-threatening arrhythmias

Does myocarditis show symptoms?

Asymptomatic or symptoms common with a viral infection

What are the cardiac symptoms for people with myocarditis?

Exercise intolerance, shortness of breath, palpitations, and syncope may occur without warning

What is acquired valvular heart disease?

Defect or insufficiency in a heart valve

What is Valvular stenosis?

A narrowing of the orifice around the cardiac valves

What is regurgitation regarding blood flow?

Backward flow of blood

How was acquired valvular heart disease named?

Named in accordance to the affected valve in the heart
Mitral valve, aortic valve, tricuspid valve

How is valvular heart disease detected?

During your PPE

People, who experience mild or moderate asymptomatic aortic stenosis with a history of supraventricular tachycardia or ventricular arrhythmias at rest can only participate in what?

Only participate in low-intensity competitive sports

People with severe aortic stenosis or symptomatic moderate stenosis should?

Not engage in any competitive sports

What is coronary artery disease?

Excessive buildup of cholesterol within coronary arteries

What effects does coronary artery disease have on vessel diameter and blood flow?

narrows diameter of arteries and impedes blood flow

What are some common symptoms of coronary artery disease?

Angina or chest pain during physical exertion

The ACSM is used for?

Used to identify individuals at risk and who warrant additional testing before beginning an exercise program

What is marfan syndrome?

Inherited connective tissue disorder affecting many organs but commonly resulting in dilation and weakening of thoracic aorta

Does Marfan Syndrome have distinct physical features?

yes; features are distinct

When does the screening process for Marfan syndrome look like?

Screening includes musculoskeletal and eye examination and echocardiogram to determine abnormalities of the aorta

With aortic root, dilatation-only participants can participate in what intensity level physical activities?

low

Syncope can be defined as?

Sudden, transient LOC (TLOC); "fainting"
Presyncope = sense of impending LOC or weakness

What are the causes of syncope?

Cardiac and circulatory causes
metabolic causes
neurological causes
reflex syncope
miscellaneous

What is the most frequent cause of syncope?

neurally mediated syncope (NMS)

What is neurally mediated syncope?

Sudden drop in blood pressure reducing blood circulation to the brain

What are the signs and symptoms of NMS?

Occurs while standing
often preceded by prodromal symptoms
Restlessness, pallor, weakness, sighing, yawning, diaphoresis, and nausea
followed by lightheadedness, blurred vision, collapse, and LOC

What signs and symptoms of syncope that may suggest a serious disorder?

Occurring with exercise
Associated with heart palpitations or irregularities
Associated with family history of recurrent syncope or sudden death

How do you manage syncope?

avoid stimuli that trigger the event
if syncope does occur, assess and monitor vital signs, and place the individual in a safe, lying down position

When should we be concerned about LOC?

If LOC > few minutes, breathing or cardiac impairment - activate emergency medical services (EMS)

What are fungal skin infections?

Fungus grows and thrives in dark, warm, moist environments on the skin

What are some signs and symptoms of fungal infections?

small patches of erythema
scaling
severe itching

What causes fungal infection?

Dermatophytes (also known as ringworm)
yeast

Are fungal infections contagious?

Yes, spread person to person by sharing towels or socks; walking with no shoes in locker rooms and showers

Where on the body does Tinea unguium affect?

nails

Where on the body does tinea pedis affect?

feet

where on the body does tinea cruris affect?

groin

Where on the body does tinea capitis affect?

scalp

Where on the body does candidiasis affect?

vaginal yeast

Is tinea versicolor contagious?

No

The Latin word "tinea" means what?

ringworm

How do you manage fungal infections?

antifungal medication
changing warm, moist environment
If widespread or condition does not clear - physician referral

What is HSV 1?

herpes simplex virus
infects the area of the lips, nose, and chin

What is HSV 2?

Usually caused by sores on the genitals (vagina, penis, anus) and the skin around those areas

What is herpes gladiatorum?

From herpes simplex virus type 1

How is herpes gladiatorum transmitted?

Direct skin-skin contact

How long is the incubation period for herpes gladiatorum?

2 - 12 days

What are some common sites where herpes gladiatorum can be found?

head
upper extremities
trunk

What are some signs and symptoms of herpes gladiatorum?

Burning, stinging pain, tenderness, or itching at site
Followed by clusters of vesicles on an erythematous base

What are lesions that come with herpes gladiatorum?

capable of latency with tendency to recur

Why is it critical to identify early with herpes gladiatorum?

delayed = often confused with impetigo

How do you manage herpes gladiatorum?

immediate physician referral