Period 7 (1890 - 1945)

Progressives

urban, middle class reformers who wanted to increase the role of government

muckrakers

group of journalists who wrote of corporate greed and misconduct and revealed corruption

W. E. B. Du Bois

led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Margaret Sanger

faced wide opposition for promoting the use of contraceptives

Nineteenth Amendment

granted women the right to vote

Robert La Follette

led the way for many Progressive state leaders, implemented direct primary elections, progressive taxation, and rail regulation

ballot initiative

voters can propose new laws

referendum

allowed the public to vote on new laws

recall election

gave voters the power to remove officials from office before their terms expired

Theodore Roosevelt

most prominent Progressive leader, broke up monopolies and trusts, encouraged progressive food acts, preserved forest land

William Howard Taft

speared headed the drive for amendments that created national income tax and allowed for the direct election of senators

President Taft foreign policy

well known for "dollar diplomacy"

"dollar diplomacy"

the attempt to secure favorable relationships with Latin American and East Asian countries by providing loans

Woodrow Wilson

created the Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, and the Federal Reserve System

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's policies

New Freedom

Wilson's ideas and policies

end of Progressivism

lasted until the end of World War

Platt Amendment

essentially committed Cuba to American control

Roosevelt in Panama

wanted to build a canal in Panama, supported a revolution for better prices

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (Big Stick Policy)

claim that Latin American domestic instability constituted a threat to American security

Election of 1912

Wilson won, as the third party Roosevelt took many of Taft's votes

neutrality

Wilson called for neutrality in WWI, which posed some problems as America and Britain were forming a relationship

blockade

England imposed an effective blockade on shipments headed for Germany

submarines (U-boats)

Germany attacked with these as an attempt to counter the blockade

Lusitania

a passenger ship that Germany attacked

Zimmermann telegram

German plan to keep the United States out of the European war, encouraged Mexico and Japan to go to war against America

War Industry Board

created to coordinate all facets of industrial and agricultural protection

Espionage Act of 1917

prohibited anyone from using the mail system to interfere with the war effort or draft

Sedition Act of 1918

made it illegal to prevent the sale of war bonds or to speak disparagingly of the government, the flag, the military, or the Constitution

Schenck v. United States

Schenck was arrested for violating the Espionage Act when he mailed leaflets urging resisting of the draft, determined that civil liberties were not absolute

Russian Revolution

occurred in 1917, placed Russia under Bolshevik control

first Red Scare

feared communist takeover, attacked radicals, labor unions, and socialists, gave businesses greater power

Federal Bureau of Investigation

created to prevent radicals from taking over, headed by J. Edgar Hoover

Palmer Raids

agents raided union halls, pool halls, social clubs, and residences because of suspected radical groups

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

government's wartime propaganda arm, displayed Germans as cold blooded and power hungry

women's employment during the war

number of women in the workforce did not greatly increase, but many started working in factories and quit domestic work, this ended with the war

Great Migration

when southern blacks moved to big cities in search of work

blacks in the army

were segregated and assigned to mostly menial labor

Fourteen Points

Wilson's plan for world peace, called for lower tariffs and freedom of the seas, a reduction of arms supplies, end of colonialism, creation of the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles

treaty that punished Germany, forced to cede territories, disarm, pay reparations, and admit total fault, set the stage for WWII, created the League of Nations

ratification of the Treaty of Versailles

the Senate defeated the treaty, not signing it or joining the League of Nations

isolationism

the public wanted less interaction with Europe, not more, as the League would have required

economy after WWI

went through a brief slump and then started to grow rapidly, the electric motor played a major role

pro-business

government regulatory agencies more often assisted business, labor unions fell further out of favor, federal troops, Supreme Court all pro-business

Warren Harding

had corrupt advisors, most infamous was the Teapot Dome Scandal, pro business, fiscal conservative, socially liberal

Teapot Dome Scandal

oil companies bribed the secretary of the interior in order to drill on public lands

Calvin Coolidge

pro business, conservative economic policies

welfare capitalism

when businesses woo workers with benefits in order to dissuade them from organizing and demanding even more

automobile

affordable to middle class, gave birth to the suburbs, forced areas to develop roadways and the means of policing traffic

radio

followed the automobile in changing the nation's culture

advertising industry

grew to be effective at convincing people to buy stuff they did not really need

women in the workforce in 1920s

more entered in order to earn more money

flapper

a new image of American women, rebellious and scantily dressed

entertainment in the 1920s

movies, sports, literature

lost generation

writers who moved to Europe where they chronicled their alienation from the modern era

Harlem Renaissance

major black cultural development where theaters, cultural clubs, and newspapers sprang up in NYC

jazz

featured improvisation and free-spiritedness, another major black cultural development

Ku Klux Klan

grew and widened its targets

Socco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrant anarchists who were arrest and executed on charges of murder despite inconclusive evidence

Emergency Quota Act of 1924

set immigration quotas based on national origins, discriminated against immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, reduce "foreign influence"

Scopes Monkey Trial

drew national attention when a teacher taught evolution even though Tennessee law forbade it

Prohibition

banned the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages, ineffective and resented

Jazz Age

1920s

Gangster Era

1930s, called this from open warfare between gangs and law enforcement during prohibition

Herbert Hoover

pro business, opposed federal relief efforts during Great Depression

reasons for Great Depression

stock market crash, global depression from war, overproduction, supply exceeded demand, lack of regulation

effects of Great Depression

unemployment, lost savings, lost homes, produce prices dropped

Hoovervilles

shantytowns of the homeless

Dust Bowl

prolonged drought in the Great Plains, encouraged agrarian unrest

Farmers' Holiday Association

organized demonstrations and threatened a nationwide walkout by farmers in order to raise prices

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

worsened the economy, Hovoer hoped raising tariffs would help American business

Bonus Expeditionary Force

veterans came to Washington to lobby for early payment of benefits, Hoover ordered the Army to expel them

Franklin D. Roosevelt

argued for more interventionist government, promised relief payments to the unemployed, tried to rally public confidence

New Deal

Roosevelt's reforms

First Hundred Days

government implemented most major reforms associated with the First New Deal

Emergency Banking Relief Bill

put poorly managed banks under government control and granted licenses to those that were solvent

fireside chats

broadcasts over the radio Roosevelt used to speak to the public

Banking Act of 1933

created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to guarantee bank deposits, instituted inflationary measures

Agricultural Adjustment Act

provided payments to farmers to cut production by up to one half

Farm Credit Act

provided loans to farmers in danger of foreclosure

National Industrial Recovery Act

consolidated business and coordinated their activities with the aim of eliminating overproduction and stabilizing prices, established PWA

Public Works Administration

set aside $3 billion to create jobs and other civic necessities

Civilian Conservation Corps

provided grants to the states to manage their own PWA-like projects

Tennessee Valley Authority

government took over it to expand its operations, leading to the economic recovery of that region

National Labor Relations Board

mediated labor disputes

Securities and Exchange Commission

regulated the stock market

Keynesian Economics

the government should have deficit spending to make every dollar spent do several dollars' worth of good in reviving the economy

conservative opposition of New Deal

opposed higher tax rates, disliked increase in government power over business, relief programs made poor lazy, against deficit spending

leftist opposition of New Deal

complained that AAA was immoral, felt that policy toward businesses was too favorable

Socialists

gained popularity by calling for the nationalization of businesses

court-packing scheme

Roosevelt's attempt to pack the Supreme Court with supporters after they struck down some of his programs which was rejected by Congress

Second New Deal

established a package of legislation

Emergency Relief Appropriation Act

created WPA

Works Progress Administration (Works Project Administration)

generated more than 8 million jobs, all paid for by the government

Second Hundred Days

the summer of 1935, amount and importance of legislation is comparable to the First Hundred Days

Social Security Administration

provided retirement benefits for many workers

New Deal coalition

made up of union members, urbanites, the underclass, and black people

Judicial Reorganization bill

an attempt at packing the courts, defeated in Congress and Roosevelt came under criticism for trying to seize too much power

recession

a period of continually decreasing output

Recession of 1937

Roosevelt cut back government programs and the Federal Reserve Board tightened the credit supply to slow inflation