Pols 4660 Exam 1 Set 1

Robert "Bob" Taylor

Ran for governor of Tennessee in 1886 (Democratic nominee). Defeated his older brother, Alfred A. "Alf" Taylor (Republican nominee), in the 1886 gubernatorial campaign known as "The War of the Roses." This campaign involved storytelling, fiddle-playing, and practical jokes, standing in contrast to the state's previous gubernatorial campaigns, which typically involved fierce rhetoric and personal attacks.

Lamar Alexander (R)

First modern Republican Governor of Tennessee. Elected 1978. Inaugurated 3 days early due to scandal involving former Gov. Bill Blanton selling pardons. Did not allow Blanton to finish term. Went on to become state senator 2002. Replaced Fred Thompson. Current US Senator along with Bob Corker.

Ray Blanton (D)

Tennessee governor who is not allowed to finish his term because he started selling pardons, basically letting criminals not go to jail if they paid him. The dominantly democratic legislature came to Lamar Alexander and immediately put him in office so the current governor couldn't finish his term and went to jail.

Howard Baker (R)

Republican from East TN. Elected by statewide election to senate (surprise election). Went on to be minority + majority leader, and White House COS

Fred Thompson

Law & Order: SVU. US senator from TN 1994. Filled AL Gore's spot

Michael Adams

Ran for US House seat in TN. Lost 3-2 in Vanderbilt area (heavily black, largely urbanized). Went on to become UGA President

E.H. Crump

Political boss in southwestern TN. Held power up to mid 1950s. Encouraged black political participation in order to swing elections.

Harold Ford Sr.

3rd African American elected to Congress since Reconstruction. From Memphis area. Elected 1975. Retired from Congress in 1996 after facing years of bribery charges. Acquited of all charges, but dealt major blow to popularity. Harold Ford Jr. took over his position

John Wilder

Lt. Gov. of TN from 1971 to 2007. Possibly longest serving lt gov. Lt. Gov elected by state senate. Wilder created a bipartisan coalition where he rewarded loyalty with the handing out of chairmanships

When did Tennessee vote Republican for president?

1920; Harding (Rep) for president and again in 1928 Hoover (R). Refused to vote for Al Smith (Dem - Catholic). Also elected 5 new Republican members of the US House

Who did not carry their home state in the 2000 presidential election?

Al Gore did not carry home state of Tennessee.

When was the last one term before it took Tennessee 40 years to have another Republican majority in the Senate?

1969, Senate gets one seat Republican Majority. Now, both houses are overwhelmingly Republican.

What group in eastern TN has largely been held by Republicans for the last few centuries?

Mountain Republicans

Since the election of Lamar Alexander, what has happened to partisan control of governorship?

It has flip flopped (1978).

What was the most southern state to lean toward the GOP but most in-line with National Democratic Party?

Tennessee during the 1950s and 60s.

Was Tennessee covered under the Voting Rights Act?

No because it did not meet any of the trigger mechanisms. It did, however, have literacy tests

Has Tennessee ever voted third party?

NO

What is the only elected-statewide position in Tennessee?

The governorship

Describe the state legislature in the context of race?

State legislature representation proportional with state African American population BUT still has least amount of black officials than any other southern state.

Estes K.

National Democrat from Tennessee, runs for president, didn't succeed in 1948. In 56' he was the democratic VP nominee.

James Hunt (D)

Governor of NC 1977 - 1985 AND 1993 - 2001. Longest serving governor in state history and 4th in the US.

James Houlshouser (R)

First republican elected governor since 1896 in deep south. Elected 1973 - 1977

Jesse Helms (R)

US Senator 1973 - 2003. Voice of conservative ideology in NC before becoming senator (radio). Created the Congressional Club (PAC intended to support Republican nominees)

Had a White Hands Ad, and anti-affirmative action advertisement, used against his black opponent. White hands crumple a job application while a voice talks about how he didn't get the job.

When did North Carolina start voting Republican in presidential elections?

1928 voted for Hoover over Al Smith. Went for Nixon in 68 and 72 and then every election since but 2 (Carter & Obama). Went Romney in 2012, but could be a future swing state. 1978 - 2013 Democrats control governorship EXCEPT 1985 with James G. Martin.

When were both state houses taken over by Republicans?

1994; First time this has happened to any southern state in 20th century. Lost it in 1998

What state has the weakest governorship?

North Carolina; originally, governor had two terms and no veto power. Overturned and governor now has veto power.

What is problematic about the Speaker position in North Carolina

For speaker, you used to rotate speakership every two years, but it weakens the position. Makes it possible to let people be speaker for six-eight years. Juxtaposes power against the governor.

North Carolina and women in politics

North Carolina had a large number of women in power. (One senator and one governor). Last election cycle took out both.

Jim Clyburn (D)

First black sent to Congress from North Carolina in 1992.

Which state was the first to elect an African American to speaker of state house?

North Carolina

Durham County Negro Association

First real political organization of African Americans in the South. Uses political muscle to get whites to agree to put a park in both the white and black neighborhoods. Traded votes for a SPLOST.

What percent of North Carolina's counties were subject to Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act?

40% of NC's counties were subject to section 5

What three schools make up the research triangle in North Carolina?

UNC, NC State and Duke University

Dispute between North Carolina and Utah

NC gained seat over Utah. NC has military oversears counted in census while missionaries from Utah are not. NC kept seat, nothing changed.

Black Belt

area of the south that had darker blacker richer soil, more productive, a better plantation economy which influenced a larger slave population. Runs east and west.

Harvey Gantt (D)

First black mayor of Charlotte, also the first black graduate of Clemson. He was elected to two terms as the first black Mayor of Charlotte from 1983 to 1987. Was elected to the city council, serving from 1974 to 1983. In the 1990s, he ran twice for the United States Senate against Jesse Helms, losing each time.

Pat McCrory (R)

While mayors of Charlotte have had trouble winning statewide office, he became the first mayor of Charlotte to win the state's highest office in 2012, as well as the first Republican governor since 1988. Example of the strength of the Republican Party in NC.

Richard Vigory

Worked for Jessie Helms. Jessie created the Congressional Club to raise money (PAC), also meant that there was money he could invest not only in his own but in the campaigns of others.

Jessiecrats

Vote Democrat for most offices, but they like Jessie (republican), people in the west of NC.

John East

Reagan coattails. Runs as the republican (wheelchair), becomes known as Helms on Wheels (protégé).

Southern Manifesto

The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places.

Fusionist Movement

Movement in which Republicans and populists came together to defeat common enemy — the Democratic Party.

When was the last time North Carolina voted Democrat in a presidential election?

2008 for Barack Obama.

Jeb Bush

Republican governor of Florida 1998.

Paula Hawkins (R)

First woman elected to US senate from FL; Only woman ever elected to US senate with no family ties

George Smathers (D)

Pepper protégé who used red scare tactics to beat his predecessor. Serves 3 terms 1951 - 1969 in Florida. Smathers in challenging Pepper, calls him "Red Pepper" calling him a communist.

Claude Pepper (D)

In the Great Depression, a progressive politician from North Florida elected to the senate a person who was on his staff named George Smathers who runs against him uses tactics similar to "Red Scare" and Joe MacCarthy: he claimed that he had a list of communists who were working as government officials in the Democratic party.

Pork Chop Gang

20 conservative legislators from north Florida. Worked to maintain segregation

How has Florida voted in presidential elections?

Has voted Democratic in last 2 elections, but Republican in 2000 and 2004. Also voted for Clinton '96.

What was done in 2010 in order to make elections more fair to both parties in Florida?

Major redistricting plan enacted.

What part of Florida is the most Democratic?

The Miami coast, opposite coast is more likely to lean Republican. I-4 corridor serves as swing area

Did the Voting Rights Act apply to Florida?

NO. VRA drastically increased black registration.

Current senators of Florida

Marco Rubio (first Cuban American to make it to the U.S. senate). Bill Nelson (democrat - senior senator)

John Tower (R)

First Texas Republican in Senate since deconstruction 1961-1985. nvestigated Iran-Contra affair (Tower Commission). Won by a very low turnout vote. Brought down by GA Sam Nunn

Lyndon B. Johnson (D)

From Texas. President who signed the Voting Rights Act.

Anne Richards (D)

Second female governor. Elected 1991. Defeated by George W Bush 1994. Last democrat gov up to 2015

Miriam "Ma" Fergusson

First woman elected governor in 1924

Tom Delay (R)

US House of Representatives 1985 - 2006. House majority leader 2003 - 2005. Texas house rep 1979 - 1985. Charged with election fraud 2002. Acquitted as of 2014. Christian revivalist. Led the change for Texas 2002 redistricting plan.

Barbara Jordan (D)

First African American elected to state senate in 1966. Nixon questioning. First woman elected to Texas state house since deconstruction. First southern black female elected to US house 1972 along with Andrew Young from Georgia.

Henry Gonzales (D)

First Latino member of TX house delegation. 1962 - 1999

Henry Bonilla (R)

First Latino republican elected to the house by Texas.

Dick Armey (R)

Played large part in contract for America. Texas House Represenative (1985 - 2003). House majority leader 1995 - 2003.

How long has Texas consistently voted Republican for the presidency?

Since 1952 consistently. Started voting in 1928 for Hoover.

Dream Ticket

Failed spectacularly. Democrats nominate Tony Sanchez (Hispanic) for gov, Ron Kirk for senate (black), and John Sharpe for senate (white). None got elected in 2002

How Republican is Texas?

Very Republican. No Democrat has won state office since 1994. Before last 2 decades, battles fell along ideological lines. Regan era, 58 democratic senators swapped republican. Christian coalition generally commands the state. Republicans gained control of state legislature 2002

2002 redistricting plan in Texas

Senate redistricting plan precleared by DOJ and used for House & Senate. Democrats fled to Ardmore, AK to avoid a vote, and then again to Albuquerque. Tom Delay destroyed 2/3rds vote rule (TX requires a quorum of senators)

Government in Texas

There is no term limit for governor. State legislature only meets every two years (140 day sessions)

Was Texas subject to the Voting Rights Act?

YES. Became subject to VRA 1975. 5% non-english speaking population + less than 50% VAP participation. Large increase in minority representation.

Describe the Texas legislature and the top three governor positions in terms of race.

Representation in state legislature of blacks and Hispanic not proportional. No black or Mexican has held top 3 posts in the state (Gov, lt gov, speaker)

Mirabeau Lamar

Texas was a Republic and had a President. The 2nd President of Texas was a Georgian.

Cactus Jack Garner

From Texas. Speaker of the House, and FDR's first Vice President.

Sam Rayburn

Speaker of the House, Longest tenure (1941-1960's)

Jim Wright

From Texas. Other speaker of the House, new ethics laws governing what members of congress could do to get outside money (didn't like Newt Gingrich) à ways to make money as a Congress member is to be an author, and write books!

NAFTA

trade among countries in North America (Texas has benefitted from nafta because of I-39, which goes from top to bottom of North America, from Canada to Mexico). 70% of the products imported through Mexico have to come through TX.

"Double Nickle"

Speed limits were lowered to 55 miles per hour, or you would lose transportation funds, differential pricing for natural gas, à gas kept in a state, market could determine it.

Harry Byrd Sr.

Lead VA Byrd Machine / "The Organization." Opposed racial integration. Strong roots in rural VA. Gov 1926 - 1930. Strongly conservative. Senator 1933 - 1965. Advocated massive resistance. Closed public schools in order to avoid segregation

Doug Wilder (D)

First black governor since reconstruction. First governor of Virginia 1990-1994. Largely consolidated VA government

A. Linwood Holton

First Republican governor of Virginia (1969)

How much of Virginia fell under the Voting Rights Act?

Only certain counties subject to VRA

Bradley / Wilder Effect

Whites who vote for the white candidate will say they voted for the black in order to not appear racist.

Gang of Six

Concerned with the size of the deficit, wanted to create a bi-partisan approach. (tax increases and spending cuts to eliminate the deficit)

South Side

Blackbelt, where the Byrd machine was strong. Heavily black area, "black threat hypothesis", more blacks in an area, the more that the whites are more hostile.

Chuck Robb

Running for re-election, and stories between LBJ's daughter and him, had an affair with the former Miss Virginia and he went to parties with drugs widely available, these rumors make him extremely vulnerable.

Oliver North

Chuck Robb's opponent during Iran Contra Scandal. Arrested, tried, and convicted, and the conviction was overturned so he now runs for office. Oliver North's nomination produces a division within the republicans, however there is a third candidate who runs as independent.

Beltway Bandits

government contracts; result of VA becoming a swing/toss up state.

Jerry Fallwell and Pat Robertson

Religious evangelists. Used their agenda to push politics towards the far right conservatives. They both have a university, Liberty and Regents University. Robertson was a member of the Byrd machine.

William Scott

First Republican senator from Virginia. "The Dumbest Member of the Senate."

Hattie Caraway

First woman from Arkansas to serve in US senate 1931 - 1945

Blanche Lincoln (D)

First woman elected to senate since Hattie caraway from AK 1999-2011

Winthrop Rockerfeller

Republican governor of Arkansas in 1966

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor during desegregation in Little Rock.

Tim Hutchinson

Preacher, does one term à runs for re-election, and loses, because divorces wife or 20 or 30 years and marries a much younger staffer.

Pre-clearance

Defined as redistricting, moving polling places, receiving federal approval to do anything at all related to elections.

Was Arkansas brought under the Voting Rights Act?

NO. However in 1990, there was a federal law suit, one of the few instances where a federal court has bailed in a state, meaning they don't have to comply. However, they can bail a state in and make it subject to the pre-clearances given.

Strom Thurmond

Key creator of the Southern Manifesto. Rallied against Brown v Board. From South Carolina. Demagogue. Due to his shift, there was an earlier shift to two party politics rather than bifactional democratic politics.

Albert Watson (D-R)

Lead last openly segregationist campaign in 1970. Backed Thurmond and Goldwater.

Barnwell Gang

Rural southwestern SC. Senators & Speaker of House in state legislature

Mark Sanford

Gov 2003 - 2011. US House 1995 - 2001 & 2013. Cheated with his wife w/ Argentine mistress "hiking"

In what year did South Carolina elect its first Republican governor?

1974. Democratic screw up. Split party. Removed their first candidate over in-fighting (did not live in state). First deep south state to have a Republican majority in modern times.

Thomas Ravenel

Republicans challenge (through a law suit) his ability and legality to become governor where he lived, and he didn't live in the state for the time needed to be governor. He is disqualified. This is where they end up running Dorn, split Democratic Party. Jim Edwards manages to get elected instead, does one term 75-79.