BIOL 1103 Test 2

triglycerides

type of fat that circulates in your blood. Your body makes triglycerides or gets them from the foods you eat.

protein

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides--sugars
disaccharides--sugars
polysaccharides--dietary fiber

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

-energy storage
-structural support & protection
-cell surface molecules

What are the 3 common carbs that are simple sugar monosaccharides?

simple sugars
-fructose
-glucose
-galactose

(all monosaccharides)

What are the 3 common carbs that are simple sugar disaccharides?

simple sugars
-sucrose
-lactose
-maltose

(all disaccharides: two sugars joined together)

What are the 3 common carbs that are polysaccharides? what category do they fall under?

category: DIETARY FIBER

Polysaccharides
-starch
-cellulose

what does starch do and where does it come from?

-energy stored in plants
-storage

ex)rice, seeds, plants

what does cellulose do?

structural support

What is celery? Why can we not absorbs its nutrients?

-celery is made up of cellulose
-cellulose is a polysaccharide and dietary fiber
-we as human beings are unable to break down cellulose\---celery is empty calories

how do we recognize simple sugars?

-they end in -ose
-sweet

how do we recognize dietary fiber (cellulose)?

they are the structural components of plant cells

how do we recognize starch?

-long term energy storage for plants (roots, seeds)

-digested by hydrolysis in germinating seeds to provide glucose energy

What carbohydrates can not be digested?

-any carbohydrate bigger than a monosaccharide cannot be crossed into the bloodstream

where are hydrolysis enzymes located?

mouth and small intestine

What does "lysis" in hydrolysis mean?

to break apart\--- aka, they are the enzymes that break apart things

Enzyme: Amylase

what does it break starch down into?

many glucoses

Enzyme: Sucrase

what does it break sucrose down into

glucose + fructose

Enzyme: Lactase

what does it break lactose into?

glucose + galactose

what is a calorie free fiber whose bonds we cannot recognize, and therefore cannot make digestive enzymes for?

cellulose

what is the difference between our ability to break down glucose molecules versus the glucose bonds found in fiber?

-human enzymes can easily break the bonds between glucose molecules
\***human enzyme allows for glucose to be absorbed into bloodstream and delivered to cells


-humans do not have an enzyme that can break the bonds between the glucoses in fiber
\***no human enzyme has the shape for binding fiber
\***fiber passes undigested through the digestive system and is eliminated from the body

what is a commonality among all lipids?

they are hydrophobic

what are the 5 types of lipids

1. fats
2. oils
3. phospholipids
4. steroids
5. waxes

what are the functions of lipids

-stored energy
-membranes
-steroid hormones

what are the "two major lipids found in food"

1. Triglycerides

2. Cholesterol

Deeper into the lipid category, what are fats and oils considered?

triglycerides

what is found in ALL plasma (cell) membranes

phospholipids
- however they are not listed on food labels

give an example of a triglyceride. How many fatty acids does it have?

What are the two types of fatty acids?

FATS & OILS

what are the characteristics of fats

-solid at room temp
-enriched in animal sources + coconuts and palm
-saturated in hydrogens

what are the characteristics of oils

-liquid at room temp
-enriched in plant source like seeds
-unsaturated

what is the difference between the structure of SATURATED and UNSATURATED molecules?

Saturated: in line and uniform

unsaturated: has curve/ bend to structure

what are the 3 types of unsaturated fatty acids?

1. monounsaturated
2. polyunsaturated
3. hydrogenated

monounsaturated fatty acid

one C\=C

-olive
-canola
-nit oils

polyunsaturated fatty acid

more than one C\=C

-corn safflower
-soy oils

hydrogentated

oils made solid by BREAKING C\=C bonds and REPLACING with H (hydrogen).

how would you make partially hydrogenated margarine?

convert one Cis to a trans fat

what is the most concentrated energy source

fat

essential fatty acids are required BUT .....

not made by our bodies

what can occur if there is an absence of essential fatty acids in the human body?

problems with blood clotting, hormone synthesis and muscle function

what is another major lipid aside from triglycerides and cholesterol?

steroids

what do steroid molecules look like?

four fused rings of carbon

steroid hormones

-testosterone
-estrogen

what is a vital component of ANIMAL cell membranes and a starting material for steroid hormone synthesis

cholesterol

\####TALK ABOUT APPLYING THE CONTENT INFORMATION ABOUT CHOLESTEROL \####

SLIDE 27

produce by plants for energy storage (starch and sugars) and structure (cellulose)

carbohydrates

look for names ending in "-ose"

carbohydrates

non-soluble in water

lipids

true or false?

oils and fats differ in the degree of saturation

TRUE

animal sources of fat tend to be enriched in \____________ and \_________

saturated fats & cholesterol

steroid found in animal membranes

CHOLESTEROL

what is the difference between phospholipids and fats

-phospholipids are not "true fats" because they have on of the fatty acids replaced by a phosphate group

what macromolecule has the most diverse functions

PROTEINS
-structure (animals)
-enzymes
-protection
-hormones
-signalling
etc...

what is an example of proteins found in food?

amino acids

how many different amino acids are there?

20
-we can manufacture most

how many essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by our bodies, but must be found in diet?

8

-all living organisms have \________

-all 8 essential amino acids are present in \_______________________

-\_________ protein may lack some

-all living organisms have PROTEIN

-all 8 essential amino acids are present in ANIMAL PROTEIN

-VEGETABLE protein may lack some

What type of reaction is this?

S + E \-----\> ES \-----\> E + P

enzyme catalyzed reaction

What does each letter stand for?

S + E \-----\> ES \-----\> E + P

S\= substrate

E\= enzymes

P\= products

what do the substrates do?

S + E \-----\> ES \-----\> E + P

-reactants
-enter the reaction

what do the enzymes do?

S + E \-----\> ES \-----\> E + P

mediate specific steps

what do the products do?

S + E \-----\> ES \-----\> E + P

-end result
-what you come out with after the reaction

Alcohol Dehydrogenase is a(n) \______

enzyme

liver and intestinal cells makes the enzyme called

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

what is the substrate, enzyme and product?(read going down)

alcohol (ethanol)
|
|
alcohol dehydrogenase
|
|
acetaldehyde

s\= alcohol (ethanol)

e\= alcohol dehydrogenase

p\= acetaldehyde

alcohol is broken down by different enzymes. What is another name for this "breaking down?"

oxidation

what are the two was in which oxidation can occur?

-enzymes can act "in parallel"

-enzymes can act "in series" breaking down alcohol in a stepwise fashion \= metabolic pathway

SLIDE 17, PRESENTATION\# 1.4

Subsequent reactions generate products (acetate) used in cellular respiration to make \_________ and \____________ which are eliminated

CO2 and H2O


SLIDE 17, PRESENTATION\# 1.4

Asian Glow

people lack the enzyme that breaks down alcohol. As a result the alcohol stays in their system longer

Genes provide \_______ for our bodies

instructions

True or False?

Genes for the same trait emit the same instructions

FALSE

genes for the same trait can have different instructions

ex) the enzyme made by the ALDH2 gene could differ between individuals

different versions of the same gene that exist in the population are called

alleles

ALDH2*1 and ALDH2*2 are examples of what

two different alleles from the same gene

genotype

the two alleles that each person has

different versions of the same gene that exist in the population are called

alleles

different versions of the same gene that exist in the population are called

alleles

having one C\=C double bond or link

momunsaturated fatty acids

what type of acid is predominant in plant sources

unsaturated fatty acids

solid at room temp

saturated fatty acids

having the maximum number of C-H bonds

polyunsaturated fatty acids

liquid at room temp

unsaturated fatty acids

predominant in animal sources

saturated fatty acids

hydrogenated soybean oil is different from regular vegetable oil because:

the fatty acids in hydrogenated oils pack closer together and are solid at room temperature because they have less C\=C double bonds

Which of the following ingredients would contribute mostly saturated fat to a food?


-sugar

-vegetable oil

-butter

-enriched flour

butter

Which of the following ingredients contributes no calories because it is indigestible?


enriched bleached flour


modified corn starch


wheat bran


corn syrup


sugar

wheat bran

TEXTBOOK:

a fat molecule, such as a triglyceride, consists of two main components:

glycerol
fatty acids

TEXTBOOK:

saturated fats are saturated with \__________

hydrogen

TEXTBOOK:

when the hydrocarbon chain contains a double bond, the fatty acid is an \_____________

unsaturated fatty acid

TEXTBOOK:

unsaturated fats are liquid at room temp and are called

oils

TEXTBOOK:

Unsaturated fats or oils are usually of plant origin and contain unsaturated fatty acids. The double bond causes a \___________ that prevents the fatty acids from packing tightly

kink/bend

TEXTBOOK:

\______________________________are fatty acids that are required but not synthesized by the human body. Consequently, they must be supplemented through the diet.

Essential fatty acids

TEXTBOOK:

\________________________ are a major constituent of the plasma membrane.

phospholipids

TEXTBOOK:

a phospholipid has both \_______ and \_______ regions

hydrophobic and hydrophillic

TEXTBOOK:

what has a ring structure

steroids

TEXTBOOK:

what category do steroids fall under?

lipids

what is an example of a steroid

cholesterol

TEXTBOOK:

\__________________: They are all polymers of amino acids, arranged in a linear sequence.

proteins

TEXTBOOK:

catalysts in biochemical reactions that are usually proteins

enzymes

TEXTBOOK:

\___________________-are chemical signaling molecules, usually proteins or steroids, secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes

hormones

what are the monomers that make up proteins?

amino acids