Psychology - Chapters 1 & 2 test

Psychology is a ___

science

Psychology is the study of ___

behavior and mental processes

Psychology employs ___

empirical approach

Psychology requires a ___ attitude

scientific (curiosity, skepticism, and humility)

Critical thinking includes ___

examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Who is William Wundt?

the father of psychology

Psychology’s first labratory

Leipzig, Germany (1879)

Titchener focused on:

structuralism

William James focused on:

functionalism

Psychology’s 1st women:

Whiton Calvins, Floy Washburn

Who is Whiton Calvins?

One of psychology’s first women, pioneering memory researcher, first female APA president

Who is Floy Washburn?

One of psychology’s first women, 1st woman to receive a Ph. D, synthesized animal behavior

Where was Sigmund Freud’s project?

austria

Where was William James’s project?

america

Where was William Wundts project?

germany

Who was Sigmund Freud?

Austrian physician, emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effect on human behavior, introduced the term psychoanalysis

Where was Ivan Pavlov’s project?

russia

Where was Jean Piaget’s project?

switzerland

What were James Watson and B.F. Skinner head of?

behaviorism

What is behaviorism?

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

What did behaviorism emphasize?

the study of overt behavior as the subject matter

What were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers head of?

humanistic

What does humanistic emphasize?

our growth potential and need for love and acceptance

What is humanistic behavior?

valued genuineness, congruence, positive regard no matter what (unconditional love), environment that nurtures

What is contemporary psychology?

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

What is the big issue in psychology?

To what extent are our traits already set in place at birth and to what extent do our traits develop in response to our own environment/experience (ex: depression, biology)

What is neuroscience?

body and brain enable emotions, memories, sensory experiences

What is evolutionary?

natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes (survival of the fittest)

What are behavior genetics?

 how our genes and environment influence our individual differences

What is psychochodynamic?

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

What is behavioral?

how we learn observable responses

What is cognitive?

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

What is social-cultural?

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and culture

What is clinical psychology?

studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

What is counseling psychology?

helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges

What is educational psychology?

studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings

What is industrial organizational?

studies and advises on behavior in the workplace (ex: placement of candy on kids aisles in stores)

What is community psychology?

works to identify and resolve problems on societal levels

Can social workers and counselors provide medicacation?

no

It is important to differentiate between opinions and examined __

uninformed, conclusions

The science of psychology produces ___

examined conclusions

Examined conclusions lead to an accurate understanding of how people ___

feel, think, and act as they do

___ results in better hope for those in need!

improved understanding

our ___ feeling is often wrong

gut

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Hindsight bias:

the “i know it all along” phenomenon

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Overconfidence:

sometimes we think we know more than we actually know

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The Confirmation Bias:

our tendency to search for information that confirms our preconceptions

Can the brain recover from massive early childhood brain damage?

yes

Are sleepwalkers acting out dreams?

no

Do our brains have accurate memories locked inside like video files?

no

Is there a “hidden and unused 90%” of our brain?

no

People often change their opinions to fit their ___

actions

The scientific attitude:

composed of curiosity (passion for exploration), skepticism (doubting and questioning), and humility

Critical thinking does not accept ___ and ___ blindly

arguments, conclusions

Critical thinking examines ___ and discerns ___ values

assumptions, hidden

Psychologists like all scientists use the ___ to construct theories 

scientific method

Theory:

“the big picture”, a set of principles built on observations and other verifiable facts

Hypothesis:

“informed predictions”, a testable prediction consistent with out theory

What does testable mean?

the hypothesis is stated in a way that we could make observations to find out if it is true

Research involves objective testing of our ___

hypothesis

Conduct an ___ experiment to see if you hypothesis are correct

unbiased

Replication:

the final step in the scientific method

Replicating research:

trying the methods of a study again, but with different participants or situations to see if the same results happen

Case study:

a technique which one person is studies in depth to reveal underlying behavioral principles

Survey:

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions, or behaviors of people usually done by questionings a representative, random sample of people

Wording effects:

wording can change the results of a survey

Random sampling:

if each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusion into a same, it is called a random sample (unbiased)

Naturalistic observation:

consists of observing and recording the behavior of organisms in their natural environment

Examples of descriptive methods:

case studies, surveys, naturalistic observations

When one trait or behavior varies another, we say the two ___

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correlate

If we find a correlation, what ___ can we draw from it?

conclusions

Misinterpretation of correlations is often caused by the problem of the ___

third variable

Illusory correlation:

the perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists

___ is the backbone of psychological research

experimentation

___ are the only ways to isolate cause and their effects

experiments

Experiments manipulate factors that are being studied, which other factors are kept ___

under control

Effects generated by manipulated factors isolate ___ relationships

cause and effect

Independent variable:

a factor manipulated by the experimenter

Dependent variable:

a factor that may change in response to an independent variable

Who is Franz Gall?

came up with the theory of phrenology

What did phrenology propose?

that different mental abilities were associated with different parts of the brain

The body's information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called ___

neurons (nerve cells)

Know the structure of a neuron:

A neural impulse:

a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon like a wave and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane

Direction of neural impulse:

toward axon terminals

Each ___ receives excitatory and inhibitory signals from many neurons

neuron

When the excitatory signals minus the inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an ___

action potential

All-or-none response:

a strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it does not affect the action potentials strength or speed

Intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the ___

axon

Synapse:

a junction of between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

Neurotransmitters:

chemicals used to send a signal across the synaptic gap

Neurotransmitters diagram:

What happens to the neurotransmitters during reuptake?

after the neurotransmitters stimulate the receptors on the receiving neuron, the chemicals are taken back up into the sending neuron to be used again

Ecstasy:

enhanced sense of peace, self confidence, closeness to others, transfixtion on things around them

Long term effects of ecstasy:

damage the cells that reproduce serotonin (mood, appetite, memory)

What is the difference between agonists and antagonists?

agonists: mimics neurotransmitters, antagonists: blocks neurotransmitters

Nerves consist of ___ containing many axons

neutral cables

Nerves are part of the ___ and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

Central nervous system:

brain and spinal cord/fast acting

Peripheral nervous system:

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body