OCR GCSE PE 2023 paper 1

Label bones A-T

(if you get any wrong start over)

A- Cranium

B - sternum

C - Humerus

D - Vertebrae

E - Radius

F - Ulna

G - Metacarpals

H - Femur

I - Patella

J - Tibia

K - Metatarsals

L - Clavicle

M - Scapula

N - Ribs

O - Pelvis

P - Carpals

Q - Phalanges

R - Fibula

S - Tarsals

T - Phalanges

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EXTRA: Which 3 bones are found in the arm

Humerus, radius, ulna

What are the functions of the skeleton

Blood cell production

Movement

Posture

Protection

Support

Storage of minerals

How does the skeleton support the body.

The skeletal system provides a f**ramework to support your muscles and vital organs**, keeping them in place so they can function properly.

For example, your skeleton supports your heart, lungs and blood vessels.

These work together to provide oxygen to your working muscles, especially during long-distance activity.

How does your skeleton provide protection to the body

**Many bones act as rigid shells.** They protect vital organs and the central nervous system, which are soft and easily damaged. During physical activity, protection is crucial for both performance and long-term health. It r**educes the chance of injury**, which ensures players can continue to train and play. Examples include when the cranium protects the brain when heading a football, and the ribs protect the heart and lungs during a rugby tackle.

How does your skeleton produce blood cells ?

**Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced in bone marrow contained within certain bones.** Red blood cells are especially important in aerobic activities because they carry oxygen to working muscles. White blood cells fight off infections, and platelets help blood to clot following an injury.

How does the skeleton store minerals.

**Calcium and phosphorus along with other minerals are stored within the bones.** These minerals are necessary for vital body functions. For example, calcium and phosphorus are both needed for strong teeth and bones while calcium is also involved in muscular contractions.

How does the skeletal system allow movement

Without the bones of the skeletal system, you would not be able to move. **Bones provide a surface for muscles to attach to via tendons, and provide rigid structures that form levers. When muscles contract, they pull on the bones of the skeleton and movement is achieved.** The ability to move is central to all physical activities. For example, the bicep muscle is attached to the radius and ulna by a tendon in the forearm, and when it contracts your elbow flexes.

How does your skeletal system give you good posture

**The rigid nature of the bones in the skeletal system allows the body to remain in an upright position and hold the correct shape** - the correct posture. For example, you can sit or stand upright because of the vertebral column running through the centre of your body. Many sporting actions require a person to be in an upright position. Good posture also enables you to move your arms and legs freely and, therefore, take part in sporting activities.

What is a synovial joint?

An area where two or more bones meet within a joint capsule allowing a wide range of movement to occur.

(Hinge and ball and socket joint)

What are the three types of joints?

* Hinge joints
* Ball and socket joints
* Immovable (cranium)

what types of movement are available at a synovial joint?

Flexion

Extension

Adduction

Abduction

Circumduction

Rotation

What is ‘flexion’

The angle at a joint is decreased. At ball and socket joints, flexion is a movement going in a forward direction. This can be seen at the shoulder and the hip. It happens at the hip joint when a sprinter drives their leg forward.

What is ‘extension’

The angle at a joint is increased. At ball and socket joints, extension is a movement going in a backward direction. This can be seen at the shoulder and the hip. It happens at the hip joint when a rugby player takes their leg back to prepare for a conversion.

What is ‘adduction’

Adduction can be seen when a limb is moved back towards the midline of the body at a ball and socket joint. It can be seen at the shoulder and the hip. It happens at the shoulder joint when a swimmer completes the breaststroke arm pull.

What is abduction

Abduction can be seen when a limb is moved away from the midline of the body at a ball and socket joint. It can be seen at the shoulder and the hip. It happens at the hip joint when a trampolinist performs a straddle shape.

What is ‘circumduction’

This is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and looks like you are drawing circles in the air. This is possible at the ball and socket joints of the shoulder and the hip. It happens at the shoulder when a cricketer bowls a delivery.

What is ‘rotation’

This is a twisting action. At the ball and socket joints of the shoulder and hip, rotation takes place when the arm or leg twists along its long axis. It happens at the shoulder joint when playing a drive shot in table tennis, as the arm moves from low to high apply top spin.

What does the ligament do

connect bone to bone and hold a joint together making it more stable. They are short, tough and flexible, so they prevent joint dislocating ( a dislocation is when a bone is forced out of place). Ligaments also help to absorb the shock experienced by joints during high-impact activities

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ligament defintion

A short band of tough and flexible tissue that connects bones together and stabilises the joint

what is the role of tendons

connect muscles to bones. this means that when a muscle contracts the effort is transferred to the bone and movement is created.

tendon defintion

A tough yet flexible band of fibrous tissue that joins muscle to bone

what is the role of cartilage

is a tough elastic fibrous connective tissue that covers the ends of both synovial joints. This prevents the bones from rubbing together and causing friction, which would be painful. Cartilage also acts as a shock absorber, especially in joints like the knees where high impacts are felt.

cartilage defintion

A tough fibrous connective tissue that prevents friction at a joi

Label the muscles A-K

A - Pectorals

B - Biceps

C - Quadriceps

D - Deltoid

E - Abdominals

F - Trapezius

G - Triceps

H - Latissimus dorsi

I - Gluteals

J - Hamstring

K - Gastrocnemius

What is antagonistic muscle action

A pair of muscles work together to produce movement, with one muscle contracting whilst the other muscle relaxes. For example, an antagonistic muscle action takes place in the upper arm as the biceps contract and the triceps relaxes.

What is the agonist

The muscle that works to create a movement

What is an antagonist

The muscle that works in the opposite way to the agonist, relaxing to allow movement.

What is a fixator

A muscle that acts as a stabiliser, helping the agonist to work effectively to create movement.

What is the deltoids function + sporting example

Allows abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, rotation and circumduction at the shoulder.

Sporting example: Causes flexion and abduction at the shoulder to lift arms and make a block in volleyball

whats the pectorals function and a sporting example

allows adduction at the shoulder and inward rotation of the arm

Sporting example: causes adduction at the shoulder to bring the arms together and hold onto opponent during tackle in rugby

what is the function of the trapezius and a sporting example

allows extension at the neck and horizontal extension at the shoulder (moving the arms backwards)

sporting example: causes horizontal extension at the shoulder to prepare for a smash shot in badminton

what is the function of the latissimus dorsi

allows adduction at the shoulder

sporting example: causes adduction at the shoulder to bring the arms back towards the body during the butterfly stroke

what is the fucntion of the abdominals plus a sporting example

allows flexion at the spine

sporting example spine flexion is at the start of the drive phase of the rowing stroke.

function of the biceps and a sporting example

function allows flexion at the elbow

sporting example : causes flexion at the elbow to raise the dumbell during a bicep curl

function of the triceps and sporting example

allows extension at the elbow

causes extension at the elbow to extend the arm to do a push pass in netball

function of the gluteals and a sporting example

allows flexion and extension at the hip

sporting example : causes flexion at the hip to bring the leg forward during the 100m sprint

function of the quadricep and sporting example

allows extension at the knee

sporting example : causes extension at the knee to straighten the leg when taking a penalty kick in football

function of the hamstrings and sporting example

allows flexion at the knee

sporting example : Causes flexion at the knee to bend the leg in preparation for striking the ball for a conversion in rugby.

function of the gastrocnemius and sporting example

allows plantar flexion at the ankle (pointing the toes)

Causes plantar flexion at the ankle to point the toes when making a movement look aesthetically pleasing in gymnastics.

What are the two main antagonistic pairs in the human body

Bicep and Tricep

Hamstring and quadricep

How do the bicep and tricep work as antagonistic pairs

These muscles create movement at the elbow joint.

• The biceps contracts to flex (bend) the arm whilst the triceps relaxes.

• The triceps contracts to extend the arm whilst the bicep relaxes.

How do the hamstring and quadricep work as antagonistic pairs

These muscles create movement at the knee joint.

• The hamstring contracts to flex (bend) the leg whilst the quadriceps relaxes.

• The quadriceps contracts to extend the leg whilst the hamstring relaxes.

What are the three classes of lever

1st class lever

2nd class lever

3rd class lever

what is a first class lever and a sporting example

This type of lever is found in the neck when raising your head.

The fulcrum is in the middle of the effort and the load.

The neck muscles provide the effort, the neck is the fulcrum and the weight of the head is the load.

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Heading a football

what is the second class lever and 2 sporting examples

This type of lever is found in the ankle area when standing on tiptoes.

The load is in the middle between the fulcrum and the effort.

The ball of the foot is the fulcrum, the weight of the body is the load and the gastrocnemius muscle provides the effort.

2nd class levers offer a mechanical advantage due to the greater distance between the effort and the fulcrum.

This means they can move a larger load with a smaller effort.

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jumping upwards whilst performing a layup in basketball.

pushing against the blocks in a sprint start.

what is a 3rd class lever and 2 sporting examples

This type of lever is found at the elbow when raising and lowering the forearm.

The effort is in the middle between the fulcrum and the load.

The elbow joint is the fulcrum, the weight of the forearm and anything it may be holding is the load and the biceps muscle provides the effort.

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bicep curls

a player kicks the ball in football when a penalty kick is taken

What is the fulcrum

This is the fixed point of movement, generally at the centre of a joint.

What is the load

This is the weight of the body or anything it is carrying. This will move as a result of the effort on the lever.

What is the effort

This is the muscular force that moves the load.

Lever Mneumonic

123FLE

lever 1 - fulcrum in the middle

lever 2 - load in the middle

lever 3 - effort in the middle

what is mechanical advantage

a second class lever that allows a large load to be moved with a relatively small amount of effort

what are the three types of planes

* frontal plane
* transverse plane
* sagittal plane

what is a frontal plane

Passes from side to side, dividing the body into front and back.

Abduction and adduction movements occur in this plane.

eg. Star jumps and a cartwheel.

what is a transverse plane

Passes through the middle of the body, dividing the body into top and bottom.

Rotational movements occur in this plane.

eg. A pirouette in dance.

What is a sagittal plane

Passes vertically through the middle of the body, dividing the body into left and right.

Flexion and extension movements occur in the place.

eg. Running.

what are the three types of axis

* transverse axis
* longitudinal axis
* frontal axis

what is a transverse axis

Runs through the centre of the body from left to right.

A person rotates around this axis when performing a somersault.

what is a longitudinal axis

Runs through the centre of the body from top to bottom.

A person rotates around this axis when spinning.

what is a frontal axis

Runs through the centre of the body from front to back. A person rotates around this axis when performing a cartwheel.

What is the double circulatory system

The heart works as a dual action pump with two pumps working at the same time to pump blood in two different directions.

what does the right hand side of the heart do

The right-hand side of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs to collect more oxygen. This is called pulmonary circulation. The blood is carried back from the body to the heart in the vena cava. It travels into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The heart then pumps the blood through the semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery which takes the blood to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated.

what does the left hand side of the heart do

The left-hand side of the heart collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it around the body to be used by the muscles/organs. This is known as systemic circulation. After receiving oxygen at the lungs, the blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein. It enters the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. The heart pumps the blood through the semilunar valve into the aorta which transports the blood to where it is needed in the body.

what are the different types of blood vessels

veins

arteries

capillaries

describe characteristics of the vein and its function

They have thin walls, wide lumen, low blood pressure and feature valves which prevent the back flow of blood.

Function: To carry deoxygenated blood from muscles and organs towards the heart. This is usually deoxygenated blood with the exception of the pulmonary vein.

describe characteristics of the arteries and its function

They have thick muscular walls and carry blood at high pressure. Blood travels at high speed in the arteries, arteries dilate when they go to active muscles allowing more blood to get to working muscles.

Function: To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to muscles and organs. This is usually oxygenated blood with the exception of the pulmonary artery.

describe characteristics of the capillaries and its function

They have very thin walls (one cell thick) allowing gas and nutrients to transfer in and out of blood.

Function: Blood vessels that wrap around muscles and organs so that gas exchange can take place

To allow gases and nutrients to transfer between the blood and the body cells.

Blood becomes deoxygenated at the capillaries

very important during physical activity as they allow oxygen to enter through diffusion. Deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated at the capillaries around alveoli in the lungs

what is the pathway of blood in the heart (10 steps)

1. Blood returns to the heart through the vena cava
2. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium
3. Deoxygenated blood passes through the right ventricle.
4. Deoxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. The semilunar valves prevents blood re-entering the heart
5. Blood is oxygenated in the lungs
6. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins
7. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins
8. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of the heart
9. Oxygenated blood passes through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle
10. Oxygenated blood is pumped through the aorta to the muscles and organs of the body. The semilunar valves prevents blood re-entering the heart.

what is an atria

This is the plural of the atrium. There are two atria in the heart. These are the upper chambers of the heart where blood enters.

what are the ventricles

There are two ventricles in the heart. These are the lower chambers of the heart from which the blood exits.

What is oxygenated blood

blood containing a high concentration of oxygen

what is deoxygenated blood

blood containing low concentration levels of oxygen

What is the vena cava

The large vein entering the right atrium of the heart carries deoxygenated blood back from the body to the heart

What is the tricuspid valve

A one way gate that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

what is the pulmonary artery

The artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

what is the semi lunar valve

one way gates at the entrance to the aorta and pulmonary artery, which prevent the back flow of blood into the heart

what is the pulmonary vein

The vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

what is the bicuspid valve

a one-way gate that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

what is the aorta

the artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body

what is the definition of heart rate

The number of times the heart beats per minute

what is the definition of stroke volume

the volume of blood pumped out the heart to the body by the left ventricle during each contraction of the heart

what is the definition of cardiac output

The volume of blood pumped out the heart per minute

what is the role of red blood cells

Oxygen-carrying cells containing haemoglobin (a protein that binds to oxygen).They also carry co2 away from working muscles

They are crucial for transporting oxygen around the body

what is the pathway of air

air enters the respiratory system through the nose and mouth

air travels down the trachea

air travels down the bronchi."‘bronchi’ is the plural of bronchus

air travels down the narrower bronchioles

air reaches the alveoli where gas exchange will take place

what are the respiratory muscles

The diaphragm

The intercostal muscles

What is the diaphragm

The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle below the lungs. This contracts and moves downwards to increase the volume of the chest cavity.

What are the intercostal muscles

When you breathe in the intercostal muscles are found between the ribs and move the ribs up and out which helps to make the cavity bigger and decrease the air pressure inside, sucking air into the lungs.

what is the breathing rate

the number of breaths taken per minute

What is tidal volume

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled per breath; the depth of breathing

what is minute ventilation

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled from the lungs per minute

what are the alveoli

Gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs at the alveoli where diffusion takes place.

This is when gas moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

There is a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli following inhalation and a low concentration of oxygen in the blood, therefore the oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood where it can be taken to the heart where it is then pumped to where it is needed.

There is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a low concentration in the blood, so the carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli where it can be exhaled.

What is aerobic exercise (definition)

‘the use of oxygen for the duration of the exercise’.

What is aerobic exercise explain further and use sporting examples

Aerobic exercise is performed with oxygen, the aerobic system produces the majority of energy whilst our bodies are taking part in low-intensity exercise for long periods of time such as jogging or long-distance cycling.

It is lower intensity, longer duration exercise that can be sustained for a prolonged period of time as there is lots of glucose available

(Glucose + Oxygen > Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide). Examples include marathon running, swimming and jogging back into position in a team sport.

Aerobic respiration equation

Glucose + oxygen → Energy + water + carbon dioxide

what is anaerobic respiration (definition)

‘exercise which does not allow for the predominant usage of oxygen’.

What is anaerobic respiration further explanation and sporting examples

Anaerobic exercise is performed in the absence of oxygen, the body can provide energy very quickly for sports such as a javelin throw or a gymnastics vault which only last a few seconds.

It is high intensity, short duration exercise and can only be sustained for a short period of time, mainly due to the build-up of lactic acid (Glucose > Energy + Lactic Acid).

Examples include sprinting, the long jump, making a tackle in football and serving in tennis.

Anaerobic respiration equation

(Glucose → Energy + Lactic Acid).

Short-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system

* Heart rate
* Stroke Volume
* Cardiac output

Heart Rate, Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output increase

When exercise begins our heart rate increases to supply the working muscles with more blood which carries oxygen.

The amount of blood leaving the heart per beat/minute (stroke volume/cardiac output) increases also meaning that more blood and therefore more oxygen reaches the muscles.

This also allows more energy to be created allowing the performer to continue to work at a high intensity.

What is a vascular shunt

During exercise the cardiovascular system sends the blood so that more goes to the working muscles and less goes to other body organs such as the digestive system.

This redistribution is caused by the vascular shunt mechanism. This process will cause more blood to travel to the working muscles to allow exercise to take place.

What is the short terms effects of exercise on the respiratory system

* breathing rate
* tidal volume
* minute ventilation

Breathing Rate, Tidal Volume and Minute Ventilation increase As we exercise we require more oxygen to create energy.

For this to occur we breathe quicker allowing more oxygen to reach our muscles.

This results in the amount of air being inspired and expired per minute increasing as the body requires us to take in more oxygen (minute ventilation).

As a result of the demand for oxygen we also take deeper breaths, resulting in an increased tidal volume.