Biology Midterm Study Guide Review

What is Biology?

the study of life or living things

What do living things have in common?

Respond to stimuli, reproduce, metabolism, have one or more cells

What is Metabolism?

It is the consumption of energy, chemical reactions that occur in an organism and helps maintain life.

What is a species?

group of organisms that can interbreed and have similar features

Define Homeostasis:

The constant internal and external maintenance of life.

Starting with the sun, put these in order: Meat eating animal, Sun , Plants, Plant eating animal

1. Sun 2. Plants 3. Plant eating animal 4. Meat eating animal

Why is a hypothesis formed before an experiment?

Because you have to ask what will happen before the experiment to follow the steps of the scientific method

In an experiment there are two groups, the experimental group and the control group. How
are they different?

Experimental Group Changes, and the Control group stays the same.

There are two variables in an experiment, the Independent variable and the dependent
variable, how are they different?

The Independent variable changes, the dependent variable is being observed or measured.

What are the steps of the scientific method?

1. Observation 2. Form a hypothesis
3. Experiment/test hypothesis 4. Analyze the data
5. Conclusion

What is a Theory?

An educated guess with evidence to back it up.

What are the three parts of an atom? and where are they found?

protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus and electrons float around.

How is an element different from a compound?

An element is one type of atom and a compound has at least 2 atoms.

The simplest form of the composition of matter is the _____

atom

In a chemical equation like C + O2 = CO2. Identify the reactants and products.

C + O2 (Carbon and Oxygen) is the reactant and CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) is the product.

How are Ionic bonds and covalent bonds different?

Ionic bonds occur between positive and negative ions that take electrons, and covalent bonds share electrons.

How are cohesion and adhesion characteristics of a water molecule different?

Cohesion is when water is attracted to water/water sticks to each other). Adhesion is when water molecules stick to other things.

On the pH scale of 1-14, what is the range of an acid and which is the range of a base?

Acids- 1-6, 7= Neutral, Base- 8-14

What are the 4 macromolecules found in living things?

Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and nucleic acids

“Organic” means a compound containing which element?

Carbon

What types of foods would you find:
carbohydrates
amino acids
Fatty acids

carbohydrates – bread, pasta
amino acids – poultry and meat
Fatty acids – oil

What are the molecules that make up proteins?

amino acids

What are the molecules that make up carbohydrates?

simple sugars

What are the molecules that make up Lipids?

fatty acids

What are the molecules that make up Nucleic acids?

nucleotides

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

A bond that is an attraction between the Hydrogen and Oxygen in different molecules like water and DNA is what kind of a bond?

Hydrogen bonding

DNA stands for:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Is DNA double stranded or single stranded?

double stranded

Is RNA double stranded or single stranded?

single stranded

What part of ATP stores the molecule's energy?

phosphate groups

What is the purpose of enzymes?

To help speed up chemical reactions in the body.

The eye piece has what magnification?

10x

If looking at a specimen with the 4X objective lens – how would you know the total magnification of the specimen you are looking at?

40, because theres 10x in the eye piece along with the other 4x. 10 x 4 = 40

eyepiece/ocular lense

what you look through, magnifies image by 10x

body tube

maintains correct distance between eyepiece and objectives

low power objective

further magnifies image by 10x

arm

supports the body tube

base

supports the microscope

high power objective

further magnifies image by 40x

stage

supports slide containing specimen to be viewed

stage clips

holds slide in position

fine adjustment

moves stage slightly to bring image into sharp focus

coarse adjustment

moves stage up & down in large increments

diaphragm

controls the amount of light passing through the slide

light source

provides light for viewing the image

revolving nose piece

holds all the objectives

Which scientist looked at cork and called the individual units he saw – “cells”

Hooke

What three things do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

Cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole

What is the term for when “only certain materials can pass through a cell membrane”

Semipermeable

Nucleus

holds genetic information

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell (provides energy)

cell wall

provides support and shape to plant cells

cell membrane

controls what goes in and out of cell and keeps contents inside

smooth ER

produces lipids and helps detoxify the cell

rough ER

produces and transports proteins

chloroplasts

where photosynthesis takes place

golgi body

packages and transports proteins and lipids

ribosomes

make proteins

What is the term for when “only certain materials can pass through a cell membrane”

Semipermeable

Prokaryotes

Bacteria, unicellular, do not have membrane bound organelles, can produce asexually

Eukaryotic

Animal/Plant cells, multicellular, produce asexually or sexually

What are the parts of a phospholipid and what structure is made up of mainly Phospholipids?

The cell membrane is mainly made up of this structure. Polar phosphate head, non-polar phosphate tails

Diffusion

Movement of a substance from high to low concentration, Does not require energy

What are the characteristics of the diffusion of water?

Movement of a substance from high to low concentration, Does not require energy, Is called Osmosis

What are the characteristics of Passive Transport?

osmosis, does not require energy, diffusion

What are the characteristics of active transport?

requires energy, exocytosis, phagocytosis.

What are all of the characteristics of Facilitated diffusion?

Involves transport proteins, Does not require energy, moves substances from high to low concentration

Which type of molecules can pass through the cell membrane without a transport protein?

small nonpolar molecules

A solution that has a high solute concentration is called: (What happens to a cell when placed in this solution?)

Hypertonic: Solute is on the outside and it moves to the inside and shrivels up the cell.

What happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

cell swells up because of low solute concentration

endocytosis

the process of entering a cell, uses energy and has vesicles.

exocytosis

the process of exiting a cell, uses energy and has vesicles.

Heterotroph

find their food (humans and animals)

autotrophs

have to make their own food (plants)

What part of the ATP molecules stores the most potential energy?

2nd or 3rd phosphate groups

What are the three parts of the ATP molecule?

Adenine (Base), 3 Phosphate groups and ribose (sugar).

What is the chemical equation of photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (carbon dioxide+water→oxygen)

Which reactant and product of photosynthesis occurs in the light dependent reaction

Occurs in Chloroplast, light absorbing pigment: chlorophyll. Absorbs all light but green.
Sunlight + Water→ Oxygen (takes place in the thylakoid/grana)

Which reactant and product of photosynthesis occurs in the Light independent reaction?

Occurs in the stroma, takes carbon dioxide and turns it into simple sugars (glucose)

Which organelle does photosynthesis take place?

chloroplast

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (oxygen to carbon dioxide)

What organelle does cellular respiration take place?

Mitochondria

What is the result of breaking down glucose at the end of Glycolysis?

2 Pyruvates

What is the correct order of the three steps that break down glucose to make ATP?

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain

What happens in Glycolysis?

occurs in the cytoplasm, breaks down glucose into pyruvate, is anaerobic

What happens in the Krebs Cycle?

occurs in the mitochondria in the matrix, breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide

What happens in the Electron Transport chain?

occurs in the inner membrane and takes in oxygen to make 36-38 ATP and water

Aerobic-

processes that require oxygen

Anaerobic-

processes that do not require oxygen

Which part of breaking down glucose in cellular respiration does not require oxygen?

glycolysis

When does fermentation occur?

When oxygen is not present; happens after glycolysis

Define Binary fission:

Asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into 2 new bodies.

Two chromatids are attached together at the...

centromere

A tangled mass of DNA during Interphase is called...

chromatin

During Prophase DNA condenses and wraps around Histones to form

chromosomes

The sex chromosomes of a male are...

xy

The sex chromosomes of a female are...

xx

The stage of the cell cycle that is the longest.

interphase

What happens in the gap 1 and gap 2 phases?

Cells grow, carry out normal functions and replicate their organelles, and cells continue to grow