Science Semester 1 Final (copy)

Biology

The study of life

Observation

information gathered using the five senses

Interpretation

the explanation for a set of observations

Model

a simple, workable representation of a complex object

Theory

A phrase used to describe something that may happen ofr be possible

Law

Describing how something in the natural world behaves under circumstances

Bioethics

The ethics of medical and biological research

atom

The building block of all matter; the smallest possible particle

molecule

The smallest particle of a covalent compound

physical change

change in a substance that doesn't change it's identity

chemical change

change in a substance that creates something new

bond

the attraction between two atoms sharing valence electrons

compound

two or more substances chemically combined

element

a pure substance made of only one type of atom

matter

The physical stuff that makes up the universe or anything that takes mass

organic compound

covalently bonded compound with carbon in it

hydrogen bonding

Attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom through electronegativity

unicellular organsim

an organism consisting of only one cell

multi cellular organism

two ro more cells that depend on each other to function

organelle

two or more tissues that work together to function

cytoplasm

thick fluids inside cells that contain the organelles (cytosol)

osmosis

the diffusion of water molecules through semipermeable membrane

hypertonic

Describes a solution whose solute concentration is greater than the solute concentration of the cytoplasm in a cell

hypotonic

Describes a solution whose solute concentration is less than the solute concentration of the cytoplasm in a cell

isotonic

Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration of the cytoplasm in a cell

turgor pressure

pressure exerted by water in a full central vacuole upon cytoplasm and the cell membrane of a plant cell (maintains rigidity)

passive transport

the movement of a substance across the cell membrane without the use of energy

facilitated transport

molecules move through a cell membrane with the help of of transport chains

active transport

the movement of substances through the cell membrane from an area of low to high concentration through any use of energy

anabolism

the phase of metabolism that builds up molecules and stores energy

catabolism

the phase of metabolism that breaks down molecules and releases energy

metabolism

the sum of all the life-sustaining chemical processes within a organism's cell

replication

the process by which a strand of DNA is copied to provide an identical strand

transcription

a particular segment of DNA copied into RNA

translation

A ribosome builds a protein on the basis of a sequence of codons in an mRNA molecule

protein synthesis

Ribosomes build up a sequence of linked amino acids the basics, or primary structure of the protein

photosynthesis

simple sugars are formed by plants using light, carbon dioxide, and water

light dependent phase

the part of photosynthesis that needs light to function

light independent phase

the part of photosynthesis that does not need light to function

electron transport chain

A series that transfers electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors

glycolysis

the first phase of cellular respiration, breaking down glucose into pyruvate

citric acid cycle

takes smaller molecules produced by glycolysis and uses them for citric acid

hydrogen and electron transport chain

electrons fell through a series of protein molecules

species characteristics

A characteristic that an entire species has in common

individual characteristics

All creatures have distinguishing characteristics

Genetics

the study of heredity

Karyotype

The arrangement of chromosomes in an organism

Diploid

Two complete sets of chromosomes

Haploid

Only on set of chromosomes

Population

A group of the same species living and interacting with each other

variataion

The range of genotypic differences possible between individuals of the same gene pool

gene flow

Transfer of genetic material from one population to another

bottleneck effect

A population's genetic variety is drastically altered due to sharp reduction in population size

founder effect

A small group pf a species immigrating from one place to another

gene mutation

The gene itself changing

chromosome mutation

involving the rearranging of a chromosome that affects the DNA

point mutation

changes a single nucleotide base in a DNA sequence

aneuploidy

An organism in which the chromosome number isn't the exact multiple of the haploid number

polyploidy

The condition of having three or more sets of chromosomes

tumor

A abnormal growth in cells

genome

The full set of genetic information coded into an organism's DNA

genetic engineering

Manipulating an organism's genes

GMO

An organism that has been genetically altered using genetic engineering

Gene therapy

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein, resulting an particular trait

recombinant DNA

DNA produced in a lab to change traits

ecology

The study of relationships between living things and their environments

biomes

A set of plants and animals adapted to a particular climate on earth

habitat

The physical portion of an ecosystem preferred by an organism

niche

The role of an organism with an habitat

biodiversity

The measurement of the variety of life with a particular ecosystem

autotrophs

Plants and alge, the food manufactures called produces

heterotrophs

Organisms that can't produce their own food called consumers

symbiosis

The interaction between two different organisms within an ecosystm

parasitism

Two organisms have a relationship one organisms benefits while the other is harmed

mutualism

Two organisms have a relationship where the benefit from each other

cemmensalism

Two organisms have a relationship where one is benefiting while the other is unaffected

amensalism

Two organisms have a relationship where it is injurous to one organism but does not affect the other

sustainability

The ability of a biome to maintain it's balance indefinitely

population density

The number of organisms in a particular area

carrying capacity

The maximum population size a geographic area can support

pioneer species

A stable, long-live species that mark the end of success and characterize a mature ecosystem

climax species

A species that remains unchanged in terms of species composition until disturbed by natural occurrences

ecological footprint

The measurement of how humans affect the earth

What are the six attributes of living things?

cells, reproduction, metabolism (digestion), organization (arrangement of molecules), growth (increasing number of cells), and response (adaptability)

What is a worldview?

A set of beliefs that shapes a person's view of the world

What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?

ionic transfers electrons between a metal and a nonmetal and covalent shares electrons between two nonmetals

What type of energy do plants use from the sun and what do they convert it into?

Plants get light energy from the sun and turn it into chemical energy (glucose)

How is an ion formed?

Created when electrons are lost or gained

What is a peptide bond?

Between amino acids

What organic compound is a peptide bond responsible for holding together?

holds proteins together

What is the function of chloroplast?

where photosynthesis takes place (stores chlorophyll)

What is the function of the nucleus?

controls the cell's activities

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Powerhouse of the cell

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

packages vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and send them to either the cell membrane or places within the cell

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

gives the cell it's shape and transports things within the cell

What is the function of ribsomes?

where proteins are made

What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

eukaryotic cells have and membrane and prokaryotic cells do not

Are you made of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryortic

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

Maintains the cell's and provide an transport track

How do cells move?

Flagella and cillia