Exam 1: Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Mechanism

Establishment of ____ and __ basics is imperative for _____, ______, and _______

Establishment of ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY basics is imperative for ARTICULATION, BREATHING, and VOICING

Anatomy

the study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts

Anatomy in speech is said to be a 3 subsystem process (include brain):

1. Respiratory System
2. Phonatory System (Larynx)
3. Articulatory System (how you actual make speech sounds in mouth)

Physiology

how parts work together to function; study of functions of living organisms or their parts

SLPS are advanced _______ thinkers

critical

Basic Anatomical Position

words to describe where something is on the body; living body standing erect, facing observer, eyes front, arms @ side with palms and tips of feet facing forward

Prone

lying face down/on tummy

Supine

lying face up/on back

Dorsal

toward the backbone/away from the front of the body

ex: dolphin’s dorsal fin

Ventral

opposite of dorsal/ away from the backbone of the body/ toward the front of the body

Anterior

away from the back/toward the front

Posterior

away from the front/toward the back

ex: tag on a shirt the posterior part of the shirt

Lateral View Directional Reference

Anterior View Directional Reference

Superficial

toward the surface, but different from superior (external)

ex: superficial wound

Deep

away from the surface, but different from inferior (internal)

ex: bones DEEP to skin, muscles DEEP to skin

Superior

upper/above

Inferior

lower/below

ex: knees INFERIOR to waist

Cranial (Rostral)

toward the head

Caudal

toward tail/away from head (usually used when discussing the trunk)

External

toward outer surface (used synonymously with superficial)

Internal

toward inner surface (used synonymously with deep)

ex: guts deep to the ribcage

Medial

toward axis/midline

ex: eyes medial to ears

Lateral

away from axis/midline

ex: ears lateral to nose

Proximal

toward body/toward root of a free extremity

ex: shoulders proximal to fingers

Distal

away from body/away from root of free extremity

ex: fingers distal to elbows

Central

situated at the center

connection: CNS=brain and spine

Peripheral

toward outward surface/part

connection: PNS=neuromuscular processes away from brain and spine

In Audiology and SLP, the first signs of progressive neuromuscular disorder/brain tumor is disorder of ______, ______, ,__ and _______ of speech

In Audiology and SLP, the first signs of progressive neuromuscular disorder/brain tumor is disorder of hearing, swallowing, voicing, and vessel of speech

Planes of reference are important for…

scans of tissue, MRI, etc

Coronal/Frontal Plane

divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Sagittal Plane

divides body in left and right halves (hemispheres)

\-Midsagittal= not truly centered

\-Medial Sagittal= centered

\~vertical, longitudinal, median

Transverse/Cross sectional Plane

divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)

\-CT scans of lungs go cross sectionally

\-do not have to be equal

What is this plane view of the brain and why?

Coronal/Frontal because the brain hemispheres are mirrored, brain is wider

What is this plane view of the brain and why?

Sagittal because you only see one hemisphere, see mid brain, and brain stem

What is this plane view of the brain and why?

Transverse/Cross sectional because you cannot see midbrain/brainstem, see two hemispheres/halves

Choose: My skin is deep or superficial to my muscles

Superficial

My nose is superior or inferior to my chin

Superior

The anatomical position of the thumb is lateral or medial to the pinky finger

Lateral

The fingers are distal or proximal to the wrist, which is distal or proximal to the shoulder

Distal; Distal

Cell

fundamental and smallest unit; made up of organelles

Tissue

group of cells and surrounding materials working together; similar in structure and function; classified based on structure and function

Organ

>= 2 tissues forming a somewhat independent structure with a specific function

System

2+ organs combined to accomplish a function

What organelles make up a cell?

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane

Nucleus

largest organelle; houses DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Cytoplasm

contents between nucleus and plasma membrane-→ cytosol (liquid filling interior of cell) and organelles

Cell membrane

barrier surrouning each cell

Most cells are made of ___ *___* __ ____ _____ that are __________ and ____________

Most cells are made of PLASMA BILIPID MEMBRANES that are PASSIVE and ACTIVE

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

selective permeability, movement across membrane by passive/active process (energy)

SLPs focus on _______ ________ activity promoting _______ _____ and _____ of energy to produce __________

SLPs focus on CELL MEMBRANE activity promoting INTRACELLULAR HYDRATION and TRANSPORT of energy to produce ATP

___ Basic Tissue Types and what are they?

4; Epithelium, Connective, Muscular, Neural

Epithelium tissue

tissue covering surface areas

Squamous Epithelium tissue

inside mouth lining, lining of vagina

What STD can occur in the larynx?

HPV

What are the locations of epithelium tissue?

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs/body cavities and ducts, forms glands; often located in areas subject to abrasion and drying

What is a drying agent of Epithelium tissue?

Acutane (acne product)

Subtype: Epithelium tissue covering and lining the epithelium characteristics

usually sheets of tissues, cover external body surfaces, lines tubes and passages leading out, lines internal body cavities

Subtype: Glandular epithelium characteristics

makes up secreting part of glands

___ functions of the subtype covering and lining epithelium

3; protection, absorption, and secretion

Epithelium in ______ _____ is covered with _____________ nervous receptors

Epithelium in the UPPER AIRWAY is covered with AFFERENT nervous receptors

Afferent

toward the brain

Efferent

away from brain

Epithelium tissue plays a role in _________; this explains what phenomenon?

Epithelium tissue plays a role in THERMOREGULATION; explaining why you breath water vapor on a cold day

Epithelium tissue provides a ____ from the outside system in ______ airway

Epithelium tissue provides a BARRIER from the outside system in upper airway

What is the #1 job of the larynx?

Buffer external environment

The epithelium tissue of the larynx is ______ with _______ nerve receptors

The epithelium tissue of the larynx is SATURATED with AFFERENT nerve receptors

What do afferent nerve endings do?

send info from the periphery back to the Central nervous system, brain stem, alerting danger

Thermoregulation of Epithelium Tissue

manage temp and humidity of air we are breathing to prevent irritation; thermoreceptors trigger a response

What is asthma and the Issue with thermoregulation/epithelium tissue in individuals with asthma

Asthma is a disease of exhaling where Individuals with asthma exhale cool air; their ability to thermoregulate is not as robust

Epithelium Tissue Makeup

apical surface, basal surface, basement membrane, tight junction, extracellular matrix

Apical Surface

part encountering environment, attached to underlying structure by basement membrane

____ ___ ________ have basement membrane zone

Vocal folds

________ has the ability to draw __________ in from the surface and push moisture to surface

EPITHELIUM has the ability to draw MOISTURE in from the surface and push moisture to surface

Epitheliums ability to drawn in and push out moisture can be affected by?

Acutane (drying), water pills, claritin D, antihistemines (drying)

Hystological Slide

piece of thin sliced human piece; put between two glass plates and stained

Simple Columnar Epithelium

lines many tracts including respiratory and digestive tracts; line trachea and digestive (esophagus, stomach); protects underlying tissue, not against everything

For people with acid reflux, simple columnar epithelium CANNOT do what? What does this lead to?

Buffer acid reflux; leading to chronic throat clearing, cough, horsiness and digestive problems

Simple Columnar Epithelium can be ___ to and in ________ related activities

Simple Columnar Epithelium can be MODIFIED to and in FOOD related

Cilia is on the _____ surface of _______ __________ _______

Cilia is on the APICAL surface of SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Cilia

hair like processes; move mucus out of sinuses

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

looks different from simple columnar epithelium; has basement membrane zone attaches/adheres epithelium to deeper underlying tissue

Epithelium Tissue is highly responsive to _______ influences

Epithelium Tissue is highly responsive to ENVIRONMENT influences (needs, diet)

The covering and lining epithelium classification is based on what?

Type

What are the ___ types of covering and lining epithelium classifications based on type?

3; Epithelial, Endothelial, Mesothelial

Epithelial Tissue

outer covering of external body surfaces (can be inside mouth, any surface interacting with outside environment)

Endothelial Tissue

lining of blood and lymph vessels

Mesothelial Tissue \`

outer covering pf internal organs (liver, kidney, etc)

Connective tissue is made up of a few ___ and a lot of _______ ___________

cells; extracellular matrix

Function of connective tissue

bind/connect structures together, support body, and aid in bodily maintenance

Extracellular Matrix

constituents describe component pts., members making up ECM

Constituents in the extra cellular matrix and what do they do

collagen, elastin, fibernectin, high laronic acid, glycans; play different roles, important for constructural integrity, repair

Connective tissue is based on _______ _____ ________; what are they?

nonliving intercellular substances; Loose, dense, lymphoid, cartilage, bone, blood

___ Loose Connective Tissue types

2; Areolar and Adipose

Areolar Tissue (CT)

very loose tissue found just beneath skin, contributes to skin elasticity, cells in irregular networks of fibers

Adipose Tissue (CT)

high concentration of fat cells, has important signaling in physiology, otherwise similar to areolar

Brown Fat Cells in Adipose

babies born with it, individuals with cancer can develop this, high metabolizing fat contributing to warmth

Dense CT

compared to loose: thicker, denser, and more numerous fibers, fewer cells

What are the fibers included in dense CT?

collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

Collagen

strong and stretch resistant, yet flexible (white)