CLCV 218 Quiz 2

2-9, 2-14, 2-16, 2-21

Tarquinius Superbus

final king of Rome; kicked out in 509 BC by **L. Junius Brutus**

Lucius Junius Brutus

founder of the Roman Republic; kicked out the 7th and final **king Tarquinius Superbus** to found it in 509 BC

Res Publica

(= Public Affair); all free patrician and plebian men involved in the state

Patricians

the higher-class citizens of the Republic, based on (1) wealth and (2) family history

Plebians

the lower-class people of the Republic, pretty much the ‘everyone else’ category (rich merchants, cobblers, etc.)

Rights of women in the Republic?

technically citizens, but no vote

Rights of enslaved people in the Republic?

no vote, no rights

Rights of freedmen in the Republic?

limited rights, but their **children** were full citizens

Roman Senate

* advised the consuls
* helped formulate laws w/ resolutions
* controlled state finances
* controlled foreign policy

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their power and numbers ebbed and flowed over time (anywhere from 300-600), eventually became their own legislative body

Conflict of Orders

* c. 500-287 BC
* Patricians vs. Plebians!
* both wanted more say in the law + govt
* Plebians eventually won full, equal legislative rights

Cursus Honorum

(= Race of Honors); the pyramid of honors that contains **ONLY** (from top to bottom)

* Consuls
* Praetors
* Aediles
* Questors

Consuls

* 2 of them
* elected annually, re-election allowed
* proposed laws, convened Senate + assemblies, commanders-in-chief of army
* very common that they had different viewpoints + hated each other

Praetor

* 6-8 of them
* elected annually
* interpreted **laws** + manage courts (or assigned their buddies to do so)
* eventually could lead Republic’s armies

Aediles

* 4 of them
* elected annually
* TECHNICALLY optional in the Cursus Honorum
* maintained public spaces + games

Quaestors

* initially 6, about 20 by late Republic
* State accountants
* THIS marked acceptance in the senate

Magistracies outside the Cursus Honorum

* censors
* tribunes of the plebs
* dictator + magister equitum

Censors

* 2 elected, every 5 years, for 6 months
* **only patricians and ex-consuls**
* took census
* awarded construction contracts
* could kick out immoral or poor senators

Tribunes of the Plebs

* only 10 elected every year
* **only plebians**
* convened the **Concilium plebis** and the Senate
* could propose laws and **had veto power** (can do away with ANY decision made by ANY magistrate)
* their bodies were considered holy -- if you attack them, you attack the gods

Dictator + magister equitum

* leaders in state of emergency **for 6 mo. only**
* if emergency was longer, they would elect a new one

voting assemblies

Curiate Assembly, Centuriate assembly, Council of the Plebs, Council of the People by Tribes

Centuriate Assembly (Comitia Centuriata)

* based on marshalling of Romans into military service
* divided all Romans into 193 *centuries*, but most were made of rich people
* voted for laws, senior magistrates, declaring law and peace
* voting done from top to bottom, so rich *centuries* would get the vote and things would be decided before poor people got a say.

Roman Forum

* a gathering place, pretty much
* Between 5th and 3rd cent. BC,
* developed irregular rectangular form surrounded by civic and religious buildings

Regia

* in Roman Forum
* served as a ceremonial home for the king—later passing into the ownership of the pontifex maximus (principal state-level priesthood) once the kings had been expelled
* irregularly planned suite of rooms surrounding a courtyard.

Cloaca Maxima

* in Roman Forum
* one of world’s earliest sewer systems
* highly valued symbol of Roman engineering and culture

Roman concrete

* began use in 3rd cent bc
* invented in Campania
* lime, water, sand (esp. pozzolana)

pozzolana

* volcanic sand used to make concrete
* so popular that it was exported

Comitium

* assembly space
* late 6th century
* voting assemblies met there (except for the Centuria)
* circular form, influenced by Greeks
* near Curia (senate house **ON PURPOSE)**

Curia

* senate house
* 4th century AD
* near Comitium (voting assembly place) **ON PURPOSE**

Rostra

* (= ship beaks, from ship beaks hung up there)
* located at the Comitium

Basilica

* beg. Late 2nd century
* essentially just big covered spaces for when you want to get out of the sun
* meetings, law courts, etc.

Conspicuous Consumption at the Roman Forum

rich people would make buildings and have them named after themselves, in order to show off AND serve the roman people

Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus

* on Capitoline Hill
* dedicated to Jupiter, Juno, Minerva (Capitoline Triad)
* Etruscan inspired; had columns @ side, NOT back
* columns all around = Greek
* Began under Tarquinius Superbus, rlly got going post 80 BC and became a symbol of the Republic

Temple of Castor and Pollux

* beg. 5th century BC
* YES columns in the back -- an EXCEPTION to the rule

Temple of Saturn

* beg 5th century BC
* public treasury

Temple of Vesta

* 2n cent. BC, in Roman Forum
* Tholos style temple, like Largo Argentina temple B
* either dedicated to Veesta (cuz those were commonly round) OR to Hercules Victor (cuz plaque found nearby

Temples at the Largo Argentina

* temples A-D
* mainly Roman, but temple B is Greek-style Tholos (round temple)
* between early 3r and mid 1st cent. BC

Temple of Portunus

* 75 BC
* dedicated to God of Harbor'
* built by a returning general
* near the Tiber
* ionic side columns

Sanctuary off Fortuna at Palestrina

* late 2nd cent BC
* layout inspired by Greeks
* only ONE way up to the Gods
* shows that Rome is THRIVING

Gallic Sack of Rome

390 BC, Gauls sack Rome.

Roman version of 9/11

Servian Wall

* built in response to Gallic sack of Rome
* 386-378 BC
* made of **ashlar masonry** (stone-cut bricks), very tall and wide

be able to label

be able to label

barrel vault

a Roman way of building arches

Ius Latinum

* a bastardized form of Roman citizenship
* the only real difference is that they aren’t near Rome, so they can’t vote
* but they can do other cool shit like serve in the Roman army, which the Romans were *real* happy about

Socii

Basically just Roman allies. Not citizens, don’t have rights, but they’re not gonna get **attacked** by Rome, which is what rlly mattered

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they WERE expected to serve the Roman army, however

Ager Publicus

(= Public Land); land that the Romans would take and build colonies on.

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sometimes neighbors could use the land, Romans would come take it back, neighbors would go ‘hey no that’s my land’ and Rome would go ‘no it isn’t’

first provinces of Rome?

Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica

Roman Colonies!

* small little settlement
* developed from **Roman military camps (castra, -orum, n.)**
* **Orthogonal**
* had Cardo, Decumanus, and central Forum

Cardo

the main N-S street in a Roman province

Decumanus

the E-W street in a Roman colony

Cosa was…

* an early Latin colony on the W coast of Italy near Vulci
* ppl there mainly had *Ius Latinum*, but some variation existed

the Forum at Cosa had…

Curia, Comitium, Capitolium (Temple of Jupiter)

Ostia was…

* Rome’s main port, at the mouth of the Tiber
* 7th cent in writing, 4th cent in archeology
* founded as a *castra* to safeguard harbor
* later this castra became their forum
* Italy’ largest port, mainly grain imports from Africa + Egypt + N. Sicily

Pompeii was…

* an average medium-sized market and farming town
* pop. 10k-20k
* destroyed by Mt. Vesuvius in October 79 AD
* people used to say August, but seeds show otherwise!

History of Pompeii’s foundation

* founded 7-6th cent. BC by Oscans
* Campanians seized + expanded the town between late 5th and 3rd cent. BC
* Rome conquered Campania in 290 BC
* Sulla founded the colony for veterans in 80 BC

Oscans

original founders of Pompeii (7th-6th cent BC)

Campanians

* seized Pompeii from Oscans between late 5-3rd cent BC
* in 290 BC Rome conquered them

Elements of Pompeii

* 2 main planning phases -- phase 1 pretty chaotic, phase 2 more orderly
* long rectangular Forum w/ Capitolium, curia, basilicas, temples, markets

Stabian Baths @ Pompeii

* 2nd cent BC
* featured:
* apodyterium (changing rooms)
* frigidarium (cold room)
* tepidarium (warm room)
* calidarium (hot room
* later had hypocaust floor heating

apodyterium

the changing room in the Roman baths

hypocaust

a way of heating floors in a calidarium

forum baths @ pompeii

had the same stuff as the Stabian baths lmao; as well as shops, exercise fields, etc.

(1) and (2) spent PUBLIC funds to construct (3) and (4) in Pompeii in the (5) century BC

(1) Quintictius Valgus

(2) Marcus Porcius

(3) theater

(4) odeum

(5) early 1st

(1) and (2) spent PRIVATE funds to construct (3) in Pompeii in the (4) century BC

(1) Quinctius Valgus

(2) Marcus Porcius

(3) the Ampitheater

(4) early 1st

theater @ Pompeii

* built 2nd cent BC, renovated late 1st cent. w/ Public funds, again in 62 AD
* had **cavea**, **orchestra**, **scaena** (frons and postscaeneium), and **pulpitum**

cavea

* the seating area at the theatre.
* **Greeks** had **MORE** than semicircular caveae
* **Romans** had **PERFECTLY** semicircular caveae

**orchestra** and **pulpitum**

orchestra: place for choruses

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pulpitum: a wooden, moveable stage for poorer theatres

scaena

decorative backdrop

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greek scaena: tall & narrow

roman scaena: low, wide, stone, ornate, connected to the cavea

scaenae frons

decorative, multi-story, held columns and statues

postscaenium

dressing rooms! prop storage, often w/ rear portico

Roman attitude + customs surrounding theatres

* rich people + societally privileged (men, mainly) sat in front, some theatres had separate entrances for rich
* rich women, priestesses, etc. could also sit in front… depended on a lot of variables
* took a lot of time for Rome proper to accept theatres, thought they were frivolous displays of leisure
* seats were mainly first come first serve, but evidence of tickets does exist

odeum @ pompeii

* an odeum is just a theatre with a covered roof (unfortunately… we don’t have the roof cover to this day)
* used for city council meetings + “high brow” shows (Pompeii only used it for the shows tho)

ampitheatre @ pompeii

* used for gladiatorial games and animal hunts
* had high walls for audience protection
* the way to stay alive is to put on a *spectacle!*

domus, us, f.

* the fancy type of house! common in Pompeii (that’s our focus in the course, newayz)

the **domus** contained…

* an **atrium**
* cubicula
* triclinia
* tablinum
* fauces (entrance) flanked by shops & service rooms


* **compluvium** (central roof opening), light source
* **impluvium** (water collection place)

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atrium

* used to greet clients, business partners, friends, family
* **patron/client system** mainly conducted here, not a very intimate place in the home
* holds busts of ancestors, trophies, weapons, statues, exotic items, expensive things… CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION
* can have >1 atrium lmao

**fauces**

the entrances to a domus, flanked by shops & service rooms

compluvium

central opening in the roof to let light in

impluvium

fountain/water collection

House of the Surgeon

* named that bc surgical tools found here
* early 2nd century BC
* one of the oldest domus @ Pompeii

Lararium

a household shrine to the lares and penates (local gods and deified ancestors)

cubiculum, -i, n.

* a room, basically
* multifunctional -- can mean bedroom, can be used for storage! woah
* located **aside the atrium**

triclinium

* side dining rooms
* located @ back of atrium

tablinum

* central master bedroom
* @ back of atrium

house of the silver wedding

* mid 2nd century BC
* named after one of the wall paintings found inside

house of the faun

* built in 1st half of 2nd century, extended in late 2nd century
* shows how peristyles, courtyards, and gardens were added onto houses
* semi-private + meant for recreation
* was rented out to people! wow
* VERY wealthy and rich house

August Mau

* art historian
* coined the concept of 4 different wall painting styles
* 1st, second, 3rd, 4th… real crazy naming system here guys

first wall painting style

* the **masonry** style
* became popular in the second half of 2nd century

House of Sallust

* late 2nd BC
* known for its examples of the 1st “masonry” wall painting style

second wall painting style

* begins shortly after 80 BC
* VERY ornate and conspic. consump
* meant to look 3D
* prof Schueller’s favorite style

Villa of P. Fannius Synistor @ Boscoreale

* **near** Pompeii (not AT Pompeii)
* 50-40 BC
* known for its beautiful depiction of the 2nd style of wall painting

Villa of the Mysteries

* 60-50 BC
* in Pompeii
* has 2nd style wall paintings of secret Bacchan initiation rites

first Punic War

* 264-241 BC
* Rome helps Sicily beat Carthage away
* Roman victory; they then take Sicily for themselves as a province in 227 BC (later Sardinia and Corsica too)

Proconsuls and Propraetors

(pro- = on behalf of); magistrates sent abroad to manage provinces on behalf of mainland Rome