GOPH 375 - All Testing Material

Unusually heavy monsoon rain in 2022 threaten _____ in Pakistan and displacing _______ people.

a precious heritage site; 33 million

In a demographic transition, a population goes from _______.

high death rates and high birthrates to low death rates and low birthrates

As the global human population increases, the death toll from natural disasters is expected to ________.

increase

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of ________ growth.

exponential

The introduction of the potato in Ireland in the 1500’s ________.

increased the carrying capacity of the island

Based on data for the period from 1970 to 2019, _________ experienced the greatest loss of life from natural disasters.

Asia

T/F If a particular diaster has a high frequency of occurrence, it also has a large return period (recurrence interval)

False

T/F Wealthy countries tend to have low or negative rates of population growth

True

The 2022 hurricane season is unusual because we have had ______ hurricane. We might worry about this, because the Gulf of Mexico might be ______ for use by larger hurricanes later in the year.

only 1 named; storing heat

The Moon is thought to have formed _________.

from material that coalesced after an impact between Earth and a Mars-sized object

We saw during class a tropical cyclone grown into a named hurricane Fiona. We speculated on the consequences of hurricane Fiona coming ashore at ______ at the same time as a/an ________.

Puerto Rico; earthquake

T/F Parallel bands of magnetized rock either side of the divergent plate boundaries display an almost mirror symmetry.

True

T/F The ages of former volcanoes decrease with their distance from their parent hot spot.

False

After lava cools below the Curie point (550 C); ________ minerals become magnetized in the direction of Earth’s magnetic field at that time and place.

iron-rich

Earth is about ______ years old.

4\.5 billion

_______drove the differentiation of Earth into a mantle and a core.

Gravity

As radioactive atoms decay, heat energy is ________.

released

Sea floor sediment is _______ with distance on either side.

very thin at divergent plate margins and thickens

T/F Earth’s magnetic pole and rotational pole do not coincide currently.

True

The East Africa Rift is an example of a _______ plate margin

continental divergent

Extensional forces and a zone of omission characterize ______.

normal faults

The angle of inclination from horizontal of a tilted rock layer is called the _______.__ The angle relative to north of the dip line that intersects the horizontal is the _________.

dip; strike

Last week, hurricane Fiona hit ____ and _____, and was on a trajectory towards the ______.

Puerto Rico; Dominican Republic; Canadian maritimes

Using the S-P timing method, epicenters can be located using seismograms from a minimum of ______ recording stations.

three

According the the Law of _______, sediments like sand, gravel, and mud) get deposited as horizontal layers with deformation happening later.

original horizontality

T/F A large earthquake associated with a thrust fault struck offshore Western Mexico last week. The corresponding tsunami inundated Acapulco causing significant damage

False

_________ support(s)s P-wave propagation.

liquids, solids, and gases

Wooden structures tend to have a _______ resonant frequency when compared to stiffer structures.

lower

The _______ lies directly above the point where a fault first ruptures.

epicenter

The seismic moment is calculated by multiplying all but which of the following quantities together?

The total strike of the fault

According to figure below, the _______ has the greatest probability for one of more 6.7 magnitude earthquakes between 2003 and 2032.

Hayward Fault

T/F The Anatolian fault in Turkey is a thrust-fault zone 1400 km long made of numerous convergent faults - we expect major earthquakes on this fault to the East and far away from Istanbul.

False

Which of the following is not a plate collision?

\-Oceanic plate / oceanic plate

\-Oceanic plate / continental plate

\-Continental plate / continental plate

\-Continental plate / mantle plate

Continental plate/ mantle plate

The Oklahom State earthquake tracker (https://earthquakes.ok.gov) disappeared recently likely due to _______ as we have seen this semester.

an apparent absence of Oklahoma earthquakes

Segments locked along a fault for the longest time indicate a (an) _______ where an earthquake _________.

seismic gap; is likely to occur

The oral histories of the Huu-ay-aht, Kwakwaka'wakw, and Cowichan nations living on the west-coast of what is now Canada report a massive earthquake and tsunami causing great destruction and loss of life early in the year 1700. These histories are supported by __________

growth ring analysis of drowned coastal forests in Oregon, Washington, and Britist Columbia plus records of a large Tsunami in Japan.

The __________ area south of San Francisco sits on a seismic gap along the San Andreas fault.

The Cystal Springs

Hurricane Ian made first landfall in Cuba ________, then crossed Florida ________, regained strength and struck South Carolina.

knocking out the power grid; destroying much of Fort Meyers

Which of the following is *not* a divergent margin?

\-Aleutian Island Arc

\-East African Rift

\-East Pacific Rise

\-Juan de Fuca Ridge

\-Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Aleutian Island Arc

The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake collapsed buildings in the Marina District with subsequent, wide-spread burning that was **NOT** due to ________.

arson

Which of the following magmas has the highest viscosity?

\-diorite

\-rhyolite

\-gabbro

\-basalt

\-andesite

rhyolite

Slow flowing, more viscous basaltic lava commonly has a rough, blocky texture called ______.

aa

A caldera collapse occurs ________.

after the magma chamber is mostly empty

_________ are steep-sided, symmetrical volcanic peaks built of alternating layers of pyroclastic debris capped by high-viscosity andesitic to rhyolitic lava flows that solidify to form protective caps.

Stratovolcanoes

Rock melts by all but which of these processes?

\-replacement of FeO by SiO2

\-lowering the pressure on it

\-increasing its water content

\-raising its temperature

replacement of FeO by SiO2

Subduction magma rising through continental crust generally increases in all of these except ________.

olivine

Si and O4 link up to form the silicon-oxygen _______.

tetrahedron

________ eruptions are the most violent types of pexplosive eruptions.

Plinian-type

T/F We usually find rhyolitic magmas at divergent plate boundaries

False

T/F Of 92 naturally occurring elements, only three of them are found in basaltic magma.

False

We saw during the week of Oct. 18 a tropical depression in the Pacific grow to become a hurricane ________ threatening West-central ________.

Roslyn; Mexico

A magnitude 9.2 earthquake along a ______ caused the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.

a subduction zone

Which of the following is correct about tsunami in the deep ocean?

\-A 4000 meters deep seafloor affects velocity

\-Only a sloping shore affects velocity

\-The seafloor depth affects velocity

\-The seafloor depth has no effect on velocity

The seafloor depth affects velocity

Tsunami arrive as several waves approximately ______ apart.

15 to 60 minutes

The seafloor around the Hawaiian Islands has _______ - a previously unrecognized tsunami source.

slumps and debris from volcanic flank collapse

Tsunami typically have _________ and __________ relative to wind-blown waves.

long periods; long wavelengths

Tsunami events at a coastline ________.

can start with a drawdown or rising of the sea

Tsunami wavelengths can be as large as _______.

780 km

The intertropical convergence zone’s (ITCZ) location _______.

varies with the seasonsT

T/F The Sun’s energy heats all parts of Earth equally.

False

Short-wavelength radiation from the Sun passes through the atmosphere to the surgace where it is radiated back at a lower wavelength trapping a portion of the energy in the atmosphere; this process is known as _______.

the greenhouse effect

If you drive up the QEII to Edmonton from Calgary you must steer very slightly to the _______ to get there.

left

Circular isobars indicate _______.

zones of low pressure and high pressure

Most generally, vapor condenses and ________.

releases heat

________ is the change of a solid to a gas without transition through a liquid phase.

sublimation

A sloping surface separating air masses that differ in temperature and moisture content is called a _______.

front

The greenhouse effect results in _______.

warming

The fraction of solar energy reflected back to space due to Earth’s cloudiness or snow and ice cover is known as ______.

albedo

In the Canada and the USA, severe weather events kill _______ the combined total killed by earthquakes, volcanoes, and mass movements.

more people per year than

The Enhanced Fujita Scale _______.

quantifies tornado magnitude based on estimated maximum wind speed

Cooling occurs when an air mass _______.

falls and contracts

Important requirements for hail to form are ________.

upper-level cold air creating maximum temperature contrasts, strong updrafts to keep hailstones suspended while adding coatings of ice onto ever-growing cores, adn large thunderstorms with buoyant hot air rising from heated ground

Tornadoes preferentially kill all but which of the following?

\-old people

\-teenagers

\-mobile-home residents

\-occupants of exterior rooms with windows

\-those unaware of broadcast tornado alerts

teenagers

Air masses in the Northern hemisphere called ______ rotate counterclockewise about a low-pressure core.

cyclones

The main destructive actions of tornadoes include all but which of the following?

\-Wing effect blows roofs off

\-High-speed winds

\-A strong high-pressure zone in the center blows buildings apart

\-Strong uplift

A strong high-pressure zone in the center blows buildings apart

Which of the follwoing types of severe weather results in the highest average annual death toll in the United States?

heat

Thunderstorms occur where warm, moist air has absorbed enough heat and moisture to be significantly _______ than the surrounding air.

less dense

Thunderstorm destructiveness includes ______-

high-speed winds, their heavy rain and flooding, hail, and lightning-caused deaths and fires

Large volcanic eruptions cool the climate slightly for a few years because _______.

ejected material in the atmosphere reduces sunlight reching Earth

The cycles of glacial advance and retreat are dominated by all but which of the following?

\-None of these choices are correct.

\-tilt of Earth’s axis

\-precession of the equinoxes

\-Sunspot activity

\-eccentricity of Earth’s orbit around the Sun

Sunspot activity

Human mitigation options for limiting climate do not include ________.

controlling the motion of tectonic plates

The well-sounding, and very expensive Stradivarius violins made during the late 1600s might own their tonal qualities to especially hard woods felled during the _________.

cold Maunder Minimum

Earth’s geographic North ________ during the Northern Hemisphere winter.

tilts away from the Sun

We saw during the week of Nov 28 a moderate, shallow Earthquake near _________ consistent with those that we have seen in _________ and __________.

Peace River; Oklahoma; West Texas

The majority of Earth’s current CO2 ________.

is bound up in limestone

T/F As a greenhouse molecule, Methane is \~ 24-times wore that CO2

True

A hurricane storm surge is highest on its _______

east side

_______ rotating hurricanes happen in the northern hemisphere.

counterclockwise

This week we witnessed a small, rare, but not unexpected register in the _______

St. Lawrence Seaway

Tropical cyclone paths are controlled by all but which of the following?

\-High- and low-pressure systems ecnountered along the path

\-Tradw winds blowing East to West

\-The Coriollis effect causing a right turn that increases with latitude crossed

\-The Bermuda High

\-Westerlies in the temperate zones

Westerlies in the temperate zonesT

The Saffir-Simpson Scale measures the intensity of _______.

hurricanes

_______ causes a right-curving path as hurricanes approach North America.

The Coriollis effect

The eastern side of a tropical cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere experiences the _______.

stormspeed + wind speed

Two small eathquakes struck West Texas this week, and from the _______ scale we reasoned that they occurred in an oilfield close to a fairly certain oil-production related earthquake nearby.

Mercalli intensity

_________ inside the eye of a well-developed hurricane.

Air sinks and warms

The law of _______ explains that sediment ages increase downward unless deformation has occured.

superposition

Earth is about _______ years old.

4\.5 billion

So far in the 2022 hurricane season we have witnessed hurricane’s ________ and _______ form offshore of ________ cross the Atlantic and cause extensive destruction in the USA.

Fiona; Ian; Eastern Africa

The ongoing collision between Asia and the subcontinent of India gives us the ________.

Himilayas

A normal fault occurs when the hanging wall moves ______ relative to the footwall.

down