VCE PE

fundamental movement skills

Movement patterns that involve different body parts. They are the foundational movements to more specialized sports-specific skills.

closed motor skills

motor skills that are performed in a predictable self-paced environment

open motor skills

motor skills that are performed in an environment that is constantly changing and is externally paced

fine motor skills

delicate, precise movements that engage the use of small muscle groups

gross motor skills

movements involving the use of large muscle groups that result in a coordinated action

discrete motor skills

involve movements of brief duration that are easily defined by a distinct beginning and end

serial motor skills

a series or group of discrete skills strung together to create a more complicated, skilled action

continuous motor skills

have no distinct beginning or end

movement constraints

factors related to the individual, task, and environment that influence movement

enabler

something or someone that has a positive effect on one's movement skills

barrier

something or someone that has a negative effect on one's movement skills

qualitative analysis

observation of the quality of movement in order to provide appropriate intervention and improve performance

the four tasks of qualitative analysis

preparation, observation, evaluation, error correction

preparation phase

gaining knowledge of the skill required, and identifying critical variables

observation phase

the skill is recorded or measured by watching the performer or digitally.

evaluation phase

comparison of the model movement to the real movement.

error correction phase

the correction of the performer's weaknesses through feedback, modified practice, exaggeration or overcompensation, a visual model, manual guidance, or mechanical guidance.

biomechanics

the study of the mechanical properties that govern human movement

kinetics

the study of forces that cause motion

kinematics

the description of motion

motion

the chance in position of a body in relation to time

linear motion

motion that occurs either in a straight line or curved path

angular motion

takes place when a body moves along a circular path

mass

the quantity of matter found within a particular body

inertia

the resistance of a body to a change in its state of motion

velocity

the rate of the speed an object moves it's position

force

the product of mass and acceleration

momentum

the product of mass and velocity; a body with greater mass moving faster will have more momentum

force summation

the correct timing and sequencing of body segments and muscles through a range of motion

simultaneous force summation

the use of multiple body parts at the same time to produce force

sequential force summation

the activation of body parts that are used in sequence to produce force

moment of inertia

a measure of an object's resistance to change in it's rate of rotation

newton's first law of motion

an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an external force

displacement

the difference between initial position and final position.

speed

rate of motion (distance/time)

angular distance

the degrees between initial and final position in a circular motion

lever types

first class levers, second class levers, third class levers

first class levers

the axis is between the force and the resistance

second class levers

the resistance is between the axis and the force

third class levers

the force is between the axis and the resistance

Equilibrium

a balance of the forces in opposition to each other

static equilibrium

the state in which a body has zero velocity and zero acceleration. A body is in equilibrium when the sim of all forces and the i'm of all movements acting on the body are zero

dynamic equilibrium

the state in which a body is in motion with a constant velocity

stability

the degree to which a body resists changing its equilibrium

balance

the ability to control the state of equilibrium

COG

centre of gravity- the central point of an object, about which all of its weight is evenly distributed and balanced

BOS

base of support- the area of an object that is in contact with the surface supporting it

LOG

line of gravity- an imaginary line which passes through the centre of gravity and continues down into the centre of an object's base of support

increasing stability and balance

-lowering COG
-LOG is over BOS
-increase size of BOS
-increase friction between two or more bodies
-increase mass of object
-extend BOS in direction of force

promote agility by less s and b

-raising an objects COG
-shift LOG outside BOS
-narrow BOS
-decrease friction between two or more bodies
-decrease mass of object

torque

an eccentric force that results in an object rotating, also known as moment of force

torque dependents

size of applied force, length of lever

coaching techniques

direct approach and constraints based approach

direct coaching

coach oriented instruction model in which learners are given explicit instruction about skill execution and tactical awareness.

explicit learning

learning that takes place as a result of direct instruction, where the performer is told what to do and when to do it.

advantages of direct approach

-instructor approach keeps learners on task
-closed environment to assist beginners with skill
- facilitates early-stage skill learning
- rapid improved performance than indirect
-emphasis on mastering technique
-learner has set of rules to guide decision making

constraints based approach

seeks to develop effective movement skills within a game context by placing a learner in a game context

perception action coupling

the reciprocal relationship between perception and action

constraints of performance

individual, environment, and task

individual constraints

physical, psychological and behavioural characteristics of the individual performer

environmental constraints

characteristics of the environment in which the performance takes place.

task constraints

the defining characteristics of the activity/sport

game sense

a method of teaching tactical awareness and effective skill performance through game constraints and the use of guiding open ended questions

core elements of game sense

- modified short sided games
-questions to guide learning process
-discovery based learning environment
-manipulated constraints
-4 categories of sports

categories of sport

-Invasion
-Striking/Fielding
-Net/Court
-Target

stages of learning

-cognitive
-associative
-autonomous

diminishing returns

a performer will improve rapidly during early stages but as they become more competent, their rate of improvement will decrease

practice distribution

the ratio of time spent actively practicing compared to the time spent resting

massed practice

little or no rest between repeat performances of a skill

distributed practice

sessions are broken up into smaller intervals dispersed

random practice

high practice variability, a variety of skills are rehearsed within the same session.

intrinsic feedback

feedback the performer receives directly from their sensory systems, like sweat or the feel of an action

augmented feedback

the feedback that comes from sources external to the performer. Traditionally this is a coach or instructor.

knowledge of performance

refers to feedback that provides information about the process of performing the skill

knowledge of results

information about the outcome of the skill performance, e.g. you know how well you shot a basketball by the flight of the ball, its spin, and whether it goes in the basket or not.

frequency of feedback

how often feedback should be given, more in early stages and less in later stages.

types of feedback

intrinsic, augmented, knowledge of performance, and knowledge of results.

types of energy systems

ATP-CP, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic

ATP

adenosine triphosphate, a high energy molecule stored in muscle cells and other parts of the body. It is energy currency for biological work.

ADP

adenosine diphosphate, a by-product

phosphorylation

a biochemical process that involves the addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound or molecule. The addition of phosphate to ADP to form ATP

aerobic metabolism

When ATP resynthesis occurs via energy systems or pathways that require the presence of oxygen.

anaerobic metabolism

When ATP resynthesis occurs via energy systems or pathways that DO NOT require the presence of oxygen,

creatine phosphate

a high-energy substance capable of storing and releasing energy via the high-energy bond that binds the creatine and phosphate together. Stored in limited quantities within the muscle cells.

carbohydrates (carbs)

Found in many of the foods we eat, contains glucose/ glycogen. Generally divided into two groups

2 types of carbs

complex carbohydrates (starches) and simple carbohydrates (sugars)

glycaemic index (GI)

a ranking of carbohydrates on a scale from 0 to 100 according to the extent to which they raise blood-glucose levels after eating

carbs in the diet

should make up approximately 55-65 per cent of total daily energy intake, although athletes in heavy training and competition may require a higher percentage intake (60-80 per cent)

Fats (or lipids)

an essential component of a balanced diet and should comprise about 20-25 per cent of the daily food intake.

2 tyoes of fats

saturated fats and unsaturated fats

triglycerides

the stored form of fats found in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

free fatty acids

a broken-down transportable form of fats

amino acids

the building blocks of protein. Protein is broken down through the process of digestion into amino acids.

2 types of protein

essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids

ATP Demand

how much ATP is required during an activity and the rate at which it is expended and, therefore, needs to be resynthesised.

factors of ATP demand

exercise intensity and exercise duration

yield

The total ATP produced by an energy system during exercise or at rest

rate

The speed ATP is produced at by and energy system during exercise or at rest

ATP-CP fuels

creatine phosphate

anaerobic glycolysis fuels

glucose and glycogen