APWH: Period 3-5 Vocab: 10th

Bhakti Movement (600-1000)

Hindu movement that dedicated believers' lives to MEDITATION to break away from attachment to PHYSICAL world; began in S INDIA and moved NORTH

Sufis

Islamic mystics from the monastic tradition that use their prayer to strive for DIRECT EXPERIENCE with God

Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)

1. Arab caliphate (successors to Muhammad) that governed Islamic world from BAGHDAD 2. overthrown by the MONGOLS DURING THE CRUSADES 3. GOLDEN AGE OF ART AND SCIENCE

Baghdad

Abbasid capital; has the HOUSE OF WISDOM; center for innovation in math and medicine; preserved classical Greek and Roman knowledge as well as share knowledge with the west; DESTROYED BY MONGOLS DURING CRUSADES

mamluks

rose from decline of Abbasid empire; EGYPTIAN group that defeated MONGOLS near Nazareth and preserved Islam by creating a sultanate

Seljuk Turkic Empire (11-12th cent)

centered in Persia and present day Iraq; adopted the Muslim title of sultan as a part of their conversion to Islam

Middle Ages

period after the fall of Rome but before the Renaissance; Roman Empire became the Byzantine Empire

feudalism (Europe)

European social, economic, and political system of the Middle Ages with a strict hierarchy of the king, nobles, vassals, and peasants; MIDDLE CLASS EMERGED FROM SKILLED SERFS

nobles

feudal level below kingship; were given power over sections of a kingdom in exchange for military service and loyalty to the king

vassals

feudal level below nobility; were given control of small sections of land given to nobles and allowed to divide and give it to power of lesser vassals, and so on

peasants

feudal level below vassals; worked the land during feudalism; given protection and place to live in exchange for work

fiefs

estates granted to vassals; later called MANORS

three-field system

scientific and agricultural advancement; rotated which fields were used for harvest inorder to replenish nutrients; greatly benefitted manors

code of chivalry

etiquette of dispute and rule of feudalism; honor system that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect

serfs

peasants in the feudal system that had few rights- male or female; stuck on manors bc of debt -\> COERCED LABOR; became skilled but still poor -\> MIDDLE CLASS

Magna Carta

document that reinstated the feudal rights of the nobles, and extended these rights to the burgher class (this laid the foundation for Parliament); King John was FORCED to sign this

burghers

wealthy middle class in England in 1210s; also middle class merchants in the middle ages

Bourbons

series of monarchs after the Hundred Years' War; France was unified and became a major European power during their reign

Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)

major conflict of middle ages between France and England; originated from disputed claims to the French throne; drove the English from France and the French began to unify and centralize authority in a strong monarchy

Spanish Inquisition

Isabella and Ferdinand kicked out non-Catholics from Spain and confiscated their belongings; RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE; led Spain to WEALTH and GOOD TIMES

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Chinese dynasty that ruled after the Mongols; returned China to its original wats and restored land messed up by Mongols

foot binding

oppressive Chinese practice during the Song dynasty

shogun

Japanese chief general; held power instead of the emperor

daimyo

beneath shogun in Japanese feudalism; owners of large tracts of land; powerful SAMURAI; part warrior, part nobility; lesser samurais are equivalent to vassals

Code of Bushido

strict code of conduct for samurai; Japanese version of code of chivalry; samurais that didn't meet obligation were forced to commit suicide

English vs. Japanese Feudalism

women were held in high esteem in England, but not Japan; both had power hierarchies; feudal arrangement based on CULTURE

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

sultanate created by ISLAMIC invaders after they defeated disorganized Hindus; group of Muslim dynasties in NORTHERN INDIA; Hindus converted both genuinely and to avoid religious taxes

Rajput Kingdoms

several different Hindu principalities that were largely independent from each other; united against invading Muslim forces' these kingdoms in 1191 and were put down by Muslim mughals in 1527

Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646)

Hindu empire located in S India; rose after 1340 and drew on N Indian Muslim architectural featuers and made use of Muslim mercenaries for its military

Khmer Empire

Hindu empire in SE Asia; Hinduism was spread from this empire to SE Asia; modern day Cambodia; Laos, and Thailand; Angkhor Empire; had PROSPEROUS ECONOMY CONTROLLED BY WOMEN; tolerant of other religions; ended bc of wars with TAIS

Angkor Wat

Khmer temple that was meant to represent the entire Hindu universe in a single stone structure; LARGEST RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE in premodern world; later repurposed by BUDDHISTS

Borobudur

Buddhist monument in Java that was lost under Islamic influence; SYNCRETISM: combined worship of volcano and Buddhism

Aztecs

expansionist policy and professional army allowed this American empire to demand heavy taxes and captives; conquered areas played TRIBUTE- NO BUREAUCRACY; ROADS facilitated trade throughout the empire; LIMITED RIGHTS FOR WOMEN- COULD INHERIT; sacrificed humans for religious purposes; CENTRAL MEXICO

Incas

American Empire in ANDES MOUNTAINS in PERU; PROFESSIONAL ARMY and BUREAUCRACY; had unified language and ROADS; used human labor; POLYTHEISTIC-SUN GOD; women could pass on property; these RULERS MUMMIFIED AFTER DEATH to be intermediaries between the empire and the dead; no system of writing but records were kept with knotted strings

Machu Picchu

Incan temple in the Andes Mountains; "city in the sky"; probably religious or royal retreat center

Cahokia

near stl, the largest N American city N of Mexico prior to the arrival of European settlers; SURPASSED EUROPEAN CITY POPULATIONS but DECLINED A CENTURY BEFORE COLUMBUS

Hanseatic League (est. 1358)

significant alliance in the middle ages that controlled trade in N Europe

scholasticism

progression of knowledge between powers; effect of people thinking more openly and universities founded so MEN could study philosophy, law, medicine and learn from Islamic academic advancements; CAME INTO CONTACT WITH CHURCH BC IT VALUED REASON OVER FAITH

Crusades

military campaigns by European Christians in the 11-14th centuries to take over Holy Land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity

heresies

effect of reasoning in the middle ages; people started to question their faith based on reasons and created beliefs contrary to the Church

Pope Innocent III (13th)

issued strict decrees on church doctrine in response to heresies; PERSECUTED perceived heretic and Jews and failed an attempted Crusade

Inquisition

formalized interrogation and persecution process of perceived heretics; started by Pope Gregory IX; punished nonbelievers with excommunication, exile, torture, and execution

Universal Church (Church Militant)

term for the Roman Catholic Church in the middle ages because of its pervasiveness and ultimate power

Thomas Aquinas

famous Christian theologian that altered Christian thought with the Summa Theologica (showed that faith and reason are not in conflict but are cohesive gifts from God); the Church remained with its views

Genghis Khan (Chingiss Khan

Temujin)

Mongol Empire (1200 to 1350 or 1400ish)

expanded and took over land in China (Yuan Dynasty), Central Asia, Russia, and Persia; used biological warfare; NO UNIQUE CULTURE

Golden Horde

Mongols in Russia attacked Russian cities and then indirectly ruled Russia from their yurts outside town; RUSSIA PAID TRIBUTE

Yuan Dynasty

Mongols took over China; Kubilai Khan became emperor and claimed mandate of heaven; Mongols adopted Chinese postal, taxing, and dynastic systems as well as Confucianism

Mongols in Persia

Islamic before the Mongols came; Hulagu Khan was the conqueror and the Mongols that conquered here converted to Islam; Mongols didn't impose religions on peoples they conquered -\> smart conquering technique

Pax Mongolia

once the Mongols established their domain, there was a time of peace and prosperity where ideas and goods were TRADED between cultures; Mongols assimilated into most places they conquered

Kublai Khan

ruled the Yuan Dynasty

Timur Lang (Tamerlane)

Mongol leader who quickly took over India, destroyed the sultanate, and then quickly left

Mansa Musa

king of Mali that built a capital at Timbuktu and expanded Mali past Ghana; had pilgrimage in 1324 to Mecca (hajj) and flashed his excess of gold everywhere he went -\> INFLATION

moveable type

Song Dynasty tech that resulted in an increase in literacy and bureaucrats among the lower classes; printed book also spread agricultural and technological knowledge with led to an increase in productivity and population growth

Chinese (Song) tech

gunpowder, magnetic compass, sternpost rudders, junks (ships)

Song Dynasty iron

between 800 and 1100 iron production in China rivaled that in Britain

Champa rice

fast ripening rice from vietnam that increase food supply and population in China; POPULATION GROWTH FROM 600-1200

Bubonic Plague (Black Death: 1333-1349)

epidemic that originated in China; killed about 35 million people and spread through Europe in the mid 14th; transmission was facilitated by the Mongols

Indian Ocean Trade

Persians and Arabs conquered this trade; connected W India to persian Gulf and E Africa; SEASONAL BECAUSE OF MONSOONS; caused cultural diaspora; cultural mixing in merchant downs bc of monsoons

Great Zimbabwe

thriving city that benefited from Indian Ocean trade; served as trading empire with river access to the SE coast of Africa; DE FACTO DISTRIBUTOR OF AFRICAN GOLD TO WORLD

Sultanate of Malacca

Malay Islamic state that facilitated trade interaction between Chinese merchants and Malay people

Silk Road

connected China to Mediterranean cultures; traders traveled between caravanserai and trading towns (Kashgar and Samarkand); carried luxury goods, religions (Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity), porcelain, paper, and military tech

Xuanzang

Chinese Buddist monk that traveled throughout the T'ang Dynasty and into India to UNDERSTAND HOW BUDDHISM WAS PRACTICED THROUGHOUT ASIA

Marco Polo

merchant from Venice that traveled to China and back to Europe; experience China during the Song dynasty

Ibn Battuta

Islamic traveler that experienced unbelievable adventures throughout the ISLAMIC WORLD, INDIA, AND CHINA before her returned to AFRICA

Margery Kempe

Christian from England that documented her travels to religious sites throughout Europe and the Holy Land in a book chronicling her spiritual Journey

Buddhism

appealed to members of lower classes; founder: BUDDHA; Four Noble Truths - escape SUFFERING by avoiding desire; no supreme being; INDIA: Buddhism was eventually reabsorbed into Hinduism, the dominant religion; SPREAD TO CHINA, SE ASIA, and JAPAN

Christianity

founder: JESUS; religion formed from Judaism which was fulfilled when Jesus came to Earth; went from MIDDLE EAST -\> EUROPE and NE AFRICA

Confucianism

no great foreign impact; founder: CONFUCIUS; fundamentally moral and ethical in character- focused on fundamental relationship but NOT THEOLOGICAL or philosophical issues; very practical religion; COMPATIBLE WITH OTHER RELIGIONS LIKE BUDDHISM

Hinduism

believes in Brahma and that he is in all things; life goal is to be in union with Brahma (moksha) through doing duties (dharma); Buddhism branched off of this religion; CASTE SYSTEM; no foreign acceptance bc of caste system; INDIAN RELIGION

Islam

monotheistic MIDDLE EAST faith that believes salvation come form submission to God; Five Pillars of Islam; Split into Sunni and Shiite; founder: Muhammad

Judaism

Middle East religion that says God chose a group of people; there is an obligation to honor and serve God; has RELIGIOUS RULES and CULTURAL SYSTEM to HONOR GOD; branched off religions were Islam and Christianity

Sunni Muslims

wanted elected leaders of Islam

Shiite Muslims

wanted Muhammad's family to lead Islam

Islam split

DISAGREED OVER WHO SHOULD SUCEED MUHAMMAD; Shia Muslims originally saw themselves as a minority, they were the defenders of the oppressed and the Sunni were the advocates of the elite; the Quran still united Islam

humanism

focus on human endeavors; seen in Europe in period 4; focus on humanity -\> focus on individuals -\> not focusing on authority of institutions

Medici

wealthy Italian family in Florence that ruled Florence; some members became popes; turned Florence into a showcase of architecture by being Patron for MICHAELANGELO and BRUNELLESCHI

Leonardo da Vinci and Donatello

Painters and sculptors that depicted the human figure as realistically as possible; carefully used light and shadow

printing press

moveable type technology created in Europe by Johannes Gutenberg; made books easy to produce and more affordable; led to more demand for the book industry; common people reading the bible ushered in the Reformation

indulgences

piece of paper the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory; a way for the Church to get $$ for the Renaissance artists it employed and get more power

Pope Leo X

pope that told Luther to recant his theses, when Luther didn't -\> excommunicated

Lutherans

followers of Luther that separated themselves from the Catholic Church around 1520s or later; Lutheran theologians began to interpret scripture differently than Catholics

Calvinism

religion that spread from Geneva in Switzerland to France and further; said that God already knew who was going to heaven

King Henry VIII

king that wanted to divorce his wife because he didn't have an heir yet; was refused this annulment by the pope and then created the Church of England; had many wives and no heirs that lived

Protestant Reformation

conversion of Catholics (in England

Church of England (Anglican Church)

Protestant religion created by Henry VIII so that he could divorce his wife and try to get an heir

Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation)

movement in which the Church reformed itself and won back some Catholics who converted to Protestantism; BANNED SALE OF INDULGENCES, WEEKLY MASS IS OBLIGATORY; POPE IS IN CHARGE; Church reformed a little but basically just reasserted their views

Ignatius Loyola

former Spanish soldier and intellectual that founded the society of Jesuits

Jesuits

influential institution in restoring faith and moderation; believed that prayer and good works lead to salvation; very pious and led to stricter training system

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

series of meetings to direct the Counter Reformation that dictated and defined the Catholic interpretation of religious doctrine and clarified the Catholic Church's position on important religious questions such as the nature of salvation; LATIN USED FOR WORSHIP; HERETIC PUNISHED AGAIN

Copernicus

said that Earth and other planets were revolving around the sun (as the Counter Reformation was gaining momentum); said world was HELIOCENTRIC

Galilei

scientist that proved Copernicus's theory of HELIOCENTRISM and that the Earth revolved on an axis; this disproved the Catholic Ptolemaic model, so the Inquisition forced this person to recant and banned their book

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

developed laws of planetary motion based on observation and mathematics

Sir Isaac Newton

invented calculus to help prove the theories of Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, and others; also developed the law of gravity

atheists

believe that no god exists

deists

believe that God exists but plays a passive role in life

Queen Isabella and Ferdinand (Period 4)

ensured survival and expansion of Spanish language and culture (including Catholicism) by extending them across the Atlantic; funded Colombus's adventures and built a formidable naval fleet that allowed Spain to rule the seas for the next century

Spain vs. Portugal trade

SPAIN: focused on western exploration and New World Empire; PORTUGAL: tried to dominate coastal Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Spice Islands; bc Portugal was a small country with little manpower it was a "floating empire"; early player in TRANSATLANTIC TRADE and controlled sea routes and trading posts; unable to CONTROL INTERIOR AFRICA AND INDIA -\> Portugal could not maintain its far flung colonies and DUTCH AND BRITISH took over

Charles V

grew the international importance of Spain by inheriting a large empire; grandparents \= Hapsburg family and Ferdinand

Ferdinand I

brother of Charles V that inherited Austria and the Holy Roman throne of Germany