Lifespan Final

Life span development

ways people grow and change across the life span; includes people’s biological, cognitive, psychological, and social functioning

Developed countries

world’s most economically developed and affluent countries, with the highest median levels of income and education

Developing countries

countries that have lower levels of income and education than developed countries but are experiencing rapid economic growth

Individualistic culture

cultural values such as independence and self expression

Collectivistic culture

cultural values such as obedience and group harmony

Freud’s Psychosexual theory

sexual desire is the driving force behind human development; four stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Scientific method

process of scientific investigation, involving a series of steps

Hypothesis

in the scientific process, a researcher’s idea about one possible answer to the question proposed for the investigation

Dependent variable

the outcome that is measured to calculate the results of the experiment by comparing the experimental group to the control group

Independent variable

the variable that is different for the experimental group than for the control group

Cross sectional research design

data with people of different ages are collected at a single point in time

Genotype

organism’s unique genetic inheritance

Phenotype

organism’s actual characteristics, derived from its genotype

Dominant/recessive inheritance

Pattern of inheritance in which a pair of chromosomes contains one dominant and one recessive gene, but only the dominant gene is expressed in the phenotype

Monozygotic twins

twins who have exactly the same genotype; also called identical twins

Dizygotic twins

twins that result when two ova are released by a female instead of one, and both are fertilized by sperm; also called fraternal twins

Passive genotype

the type that results from the fact that in a biological family, parents provide both genes and environment to their children

Evocative genotype

the type that results when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responded from others in the environment

Active genotype

the type that results when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics

3 stages of prenatal development

germinal, embryonic, fetal period

Teratogens

behavior, environment, or bodily condition that can have damaging influence on prenatal development; malnutrition, infectious disease, alcohol, tobacco, environment

Labor

first stage of birth process, cervix dilates and the muscles of the uterus contract to push the fetus into the vagina toward the cervix

Delivery

second stage of birth process, the fetus is pushed out of the cervix and through the birth canal

Placenta and umbilical cord

third stage of delivery, placenta and umbilical cord are expelled from the uterus

Failure to progress

birth process taking longer than normal; may need forceps

Breech presentation

positioning of the fetus so that feet or buttocks, rather than the head, are positioned to come first out of the birth canal

Vernix

at birth, babies are covered with an oily substance, which protects their skin from chapping in the womb

Apgar scale

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

Kangaroo care

mothers or fathers are advised to place the baby skin to skin on their chests for 2 to 3 hours a day for the early weeks of life

Colic

infant crying pattern in which the crying goes on for more than 3 hours a day over more than 3 days for more than 3 weeks

Cephalocaudal principle

principle of biological development that growth tends to begin at the top, with the head, and then proceeds downward to the rest of the body

Proximodistal principle

principle of biological development that growth proceeds from the middle of the body outward

Myelination

process of the growth of the myelin sheath around the axon of the neuron

Marasmus

malnutrition in infancy

Fine motor development

development of motor abilities involving finely tuned movements of the hands such as grasping and manipulating objects

Object permanence

awareness that objects continue to exist even when we are not in direct sensory or motor contact with them

Habituation

gradual decrease in attention to stimulus after repeated presentations

Dishabituation

following habituation, the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented

Stages of language

cooing, babbling, first gestures, comprehension of words and simple sentences, and first spoken word

Thomas and chess classification of temperament

easy, difficult, slow to warm up

Primary emotions

basic emotions such as anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, and happiness

Secondary emotions

emotions that require social learning, such as embarrassment, shame, and guilt

Kwashiorkor

protein deficiency in childhood, leading to symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, thinning hair, and swollen body, which may be fatal if not treated

Piaget’s theory of toddlers

sensorimotor; curiosity grows and a new world of cognitive abilities opens

Deferred imitation

ability to repeat action observed at an earlier time

Categorization

learning which objects belong in which category; house, car, dog

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development

zone of proximal development and scaffolding

Holophrase

single word that is used to represent a whole sentence; cup, instead of, fill the cup

Overextension

use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects; calling all dogs frankie

Underextension

applying a general word to a specific object; moo only refers to my stuffed animal

Telegraphic speech

two word phrases that strip away connecting words, such as the and and

Sociomoral emotions

emotions evoked based on learned, culturally based standards of right and wrong

Secure attachment

healthiest classification of parent

Insecure avoidant attachment

little interaction between parent and child, child shows little response to the parents absence and may resist being picked up when the parent returns

Insecure resistant attachment

child shows little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when the parent leaves the room, and ambivalence upon the parents return

Disorganized disoriented attachment

child seems dazed and detached, with possible outbursts of anger when the parent leaves the room, and exhibits fear upon the parents return

Cooperative play

shared fantasy

Conservation

mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even it is appearance changes

Egocentrism

cognitive ability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and another person’s perspective

Animism

tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces

Emotional regulation

ability to exercise control over one’s emotions

Initiative vs. guilt

Erikson’s early childhood stage working between learning to plan activities in a purposeful way and being afflicted with excess guilt that undermines initiative

Demandingness

degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them

Responsiveness

degree to which parents are sensitive to their childrens needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them

Authoritative

parents who are high in demandingness and high in responsiveness

Authoritarian

parents who are high in demandingness but low in responsiveness

Permissive

parents who are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness

Disengaged

parents who are low in demandingness and low in responsiveness

Seriation

ability to arrange things in a logical order, such as shortest to longest

Flynn Effect

steep rise in the median IQ score in Western countries during the 20th century

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

eight distinct types of intelligence

Self concept

peoples view and evaluations of themselves

Self esteem

persons overall sense of worth and well being

Industry vs. inferiority

Erikson’s middle children stage, in which the options are to learn to work effectively with cultural materials or, if adults are too critical, develop a sense of being incapable of working effectively

Estrogen

high levels in females

Androgens

high levels in males

Menarche

first menstrual period

Anorexia nervosa

intentional self starvation

Piaget’s formal operations

starting at age 11, children learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses

Elkind’s adolescent egocentrism

adolescents have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others

Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Preconventional

moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments

Conventional

moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others

Postconventional

moral reasoning is based on the individuals own independent judgements rather than on what others view as wrong or right

Cliques

small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group

Crowds

large, reputation based group of adolescents

Five features of emerging adulthood

identity exploration, instability, self focus, feeling in between, possibilities/optimism

Aging begins with

physical changes

Peak physical performance

emerging adulthood

High IQ scores predict what in adult life

success in adulthood

Cognitive advances in young adulthood

increase in expertise and creativity

Intimacy vs. isolation

Erikson’s issue in young adulthood, with the challenge to unite the newly formed identity with another person in an enduring, committed, intimate relationship

Consummate love

all of the aspects of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love; passion, intimacy, and commitment

Menopause

the end of monthly ovulation and menstruation that occurs in women in midlife

Osteoporosis

condition common in women in midlife and beyond, in which the bones become thin and brittle as a result of rapid calcium depletion

Fluid intelligence

involves information processing abilities such as short term memory, the ability to discern relations between visual stimuli, and the speed of synthesizing new information

Crystallized intelligence

accumulation of a persons culturally based knowledge, language, and understanding of social conventions

Information processing

decline in middle adulthood

Generativity vs. stagnation

Erikson’s crisis in middle adulthood, characterized by the choice between the motivation to contribute to the well being of the generations to come or focusing on narrow self interest without concern for the good of others

Substages of late adulthood

young old (60