LD Test 1

What are the 4 aspects of normal language?

communication

language

speech

extralinguistic aspects of communication

What is communication?

- sending and receiving of messages, information, ideas, and feelings

- not only the physical production of speech and symbolic nature of language, but also any behavior or action that conveys a message

Is communication limited to humans?

no, other animals communicate

How are humans different?

-humans have the ability to communicate highly complex thoughts, feelings, and ideas through the use of language

- also have to ability for speech

How does bloom define language?

a code in which we make specific symbols stand for something else

What are some components of language?

referents

convention

rules

What is a referent?

coded symbols refer to real things, concepts, or ideas, and the things that the symbols represent are referents

Ex. There is no reason why an animal with 4 legs that is noted for tail wagging and barking is labeled a dog.

What is convention?

Although the symbols are arbitrary, the symbols and their appropriate referents must be mutually agreed on by members of a community using the code if the code is to be meaningful. In this sense, language is a convention

How do rules apply to language?

- language is a system in which rules guide which coded symbols may be combined with other symbols and what order symbols can be used in what situations

- like word order or words you shouldn't say in public

- Ex. Can say "the ball is not red." Can't say "The ball not is red."

T/F Language is a learned or acquired behavior.

true

What is speech?

-oral expression of language

What are some components of speech?

- respiration

-phonation

-resonation

-articulation

What is respiration?

- have to have air to make sound

- refers to the coordinated, rapid muscular activities of the chest

What is phonation?

- refers to the production of sound through vibration of the vocal cords in the larynx

What is resonation?

- it is sent through the vocal tract to help phonate

- once a sound has been created, in resonates in the vocal tract

What is articulation?

- tongue, jaw, lips, palate

- has to move to be an articulator

- used to modify the sound into a vowel or consonant

What is an important point?

Language is the code, whereas speech is the sensorimotor production of that code

What are the extralinguistic elements?

paralinguistics

non linguistics (non verbal communication)

metalinguistics

What are paralinguistics?

-refers to the melodic components of speech that modify meaning of the spoken message

-suprasegmentals

- like stress, pitch, intonation

What is stress?

the relative loudness with which certain syllables in words are produced

What is pitch?

auditory property of a sound that enables a listener to place it on a scale going from low to high

What is intonation?

rises and falls in pitch within and across utterances

What is nonlinguistic (nonverbal communication)?

proxemics

kinesics

What is proxemics?

refers to the way that use of space and physical distance between speakers communicate

What is kinesics?

body language

- the way in which body movements are used for communications such as with gestures to point to objects or head shakes to signal no

What are metalinguistics?

-ability to use language or communicate or talk about and to analyze language

-skills that helps one develop higher level language ability

-Ex. identifying and generating rhyming words

What are the five basic components of a language?

1. phonology

2. semantics

3. syntax

4. morphology

5. pragmatics

What is phonology?

o Study of sound system of language

o How sounds are produced and acoustic properties

o Phonemes- sounds that distinguish one sound from another

What is semantics?

-the study of meaning in language

-deals with referents for words and the meanings of utterances

- involves the vocabulary of a language, or the lexicon

-also involves the meanings conveyed by there relations among words

What are some examples of semantics?

- referents

- similarities/differences

-superordinate or subordinate

-ambiguos statements

-figurative and inferential meaning

What is syntax?

- sets of rules that govern how words are to be sequenced in utterances and how the words are related

- determine what words can be combined in what order to convey meaning

-grammar

What is morphology?

-the study of word structure

- the rules for deriving various word forms and the rules for using grammatical markers or inflections

-the rules for word endings

What are some examples of morphology?

o Smallest unit of meaning= morpheme

o Free morpheme= can stand alone like drive

o Bound morpheme= can't stand by itself like drivING

What are pragmatics?

o Rules for how we talk to people

- turn taking

- eye contact

- discourse

-narrative

What is discourse?

- the connected flow of language

What is a narrative?

- one form of discourse, that of telling a story

What is presupposition?

- refers to the provision of sufficient but not too much information for adequate listener comprehension

What is the concept of presupposition related to?

theory of mind

What is TOM?

ability to understand and interpret another person's knowledge and beliefs particularly when they are different from one's own perspective

What is dyadic communication?

people typically take turns in the roles of sender and receiver

- between two people, and get feedback from the person you are talking to

What is comprehension?

- decodes

- understanding

- receiver

What is production?

- encodes

- expression

- sender

What is apart of the speech mechanism?

- larynx (vocal folds)

- respiration (inhalation and exhalation)

phonation (voiceless and voiced)

What is resonation?

modifying the sound by changing the shape and size of the vocal tract

What is the manner?

type of obstruction

-plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, glottals

What is the place?

location of articulators

- bilabials, labiodentals, alveolars, palatals, velars, glottals

What is voicing?

vocal folds are vibrating

- all vowels are voiced

- cognates

What is in the central nervous system?

- Brain (cerebrum sets on top of brain; cerebellum)

spinal cord

- corpus callousum

What is the corpus callosum?

o Coordination between the two hemispheres

o Helps information transfer from one side to the other

o Kids with auditory processing disorders have trouble with this

What is the peripheral nervous system?

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

What are components for neurological basis for human communication?

- neurological potential

- plasticity

-cerebral localization/specialization

What is neurological potential?

- ability to think and reason

What is plasticity?

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

- helps one part of the brain take over for the other if there is damage

Children's brains are describes as having _____ plasticity and ________ cerebral localization and specialization than those of adults.

more and less

What is cognition?

the process of getting to know the environment and to make sense of it, a process that starts at birth or earlier and continues throughout life as stimuli, events, and environment continusouly change

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor (0-2)

Preoperational (2-7)

Concrete (7-11/12)

Formal (11/12-14/15)

What is Vygotsky Inner Speech?

egocentric speech is the forerunner of inner speech

- all about me

What is Luria?

§ Language is the basis of the development of higher mental processes because of the second signal function it plays in mediating experiences.

§ Higher level cognition flows out of this theory

Give a short run down of how we process linguistic (verbal) information.

1. select the elements of a message to pay attention to

2. temporarily store those elements in memory

3. keep those elements active in short-term memory so they don't fade

4. organize the cognitive function s and direct them to do particular tasks

5. choose where and how to store the analyses in longer memory for future

Give information processing.

- Verbal working memory

- Working memory

- Auditory short-term memory

- Auditory processing

- Phonological processing

- Phonological memory; etc.

What is metacognition?

- Ability to stand back from what we know and the cognitive skills that we have and consciously analyze, control, plan, and organize them

What does metacognition develop into?

metalinguistic

What is infant-caregiver attachment?

- show attachment to parents or caregivers

- specific adults take care of the infant's needs

- infants learn that caregiver are the ones who "understand" them and meet needs

What is infant-caregiver interaction?

- behaviors that are connive to communication development

- like elegizing or showing an array of facial expressions

- provide social foundation for speech and language development

What is motherese?

- short utterances

- syntactically simple but grammatically well-formed

- proper nouns replace pronouns

- higher pitched than regular speech

- duration of spoken words longer

- overall rate of speech slower

- stressed words are substantive words, not function words

When are you no longer considered an infant?

when you are able to speak

What is the prelinguistic period?

the first 12 months

What are the stags of prelinguistic communication development?

1. perlocution

2. illocution

3. locution

What is perlocution?

-First 8 months where trying to figure out what they are talking about

- the infant's behaviors are not intentionally communicative but need to be interpreted as communicative

-Interpreting their message based on my aspect

What is an example of perlocution?

-Different cries means different things

- facial expressions

- eye gazing patterns

What is illocution?

-Intention to communicate

-8-12 months

-Joint attention

-Engaged their attention

-Understand first words

-They can cognitively label

what are some examples in the illocutionary stage?

- gestures to show

- requesting items by pointing

- giving objects to adults

What is the locutionary stage?

-They express intent

- 12-18 months

- able to use joint attention to late objects

- use words to replace gestures

What are the 5 stages of prelinguistic vocal development?

1. Reflexive vocalizations

2. cooing and laughter

3. vocal play

4. canonical babbling

5. jargon

What is the reflexive vocalization stage?

-Hearing themselves and reflecting back

-Birth-2 months

Example of reflexive vocalization?

- birth cry

- subsequent cries

- coughing, grunting, burping

What is the cooing and laughter stage?

-2-4 months

-Not a lot of reciprocal communication

Examples of cooing and laughter?

- cooing

- sounds associated with pleasure

- laughter

What is the vocal play stage?

-Playing with the sounds of their voice

-Age 4-6 months

-Exploring what their voices can do

Examples of vocal play?

- vowel-like and consonant- like sounds

- squeals

-yell

What is the canonical babbling stage?

-6 months and older

-Hearing different consonant and vowels

- reduplicated and non reduplicated babbling

-Like mama and dada

-Like mamde and daba

Examples of canonical babbling?

-Like mama and dada (reduplicated)

-Like mamde and daba (non reduplicated)

What is the jargon stage?

-10 months and older

- coincides with production of first word

-Hear the flow that sounds like real communication

-Occasionally hearing real words

-Hear intonation

What is phonology like in the first word period?

-Around the first birthday they can produce plosives and nasals

What is semantics like in the first word stage?

Substantive

-Words that name things and labeling

Relational

-Be descriptive

-Existence vs non existence

-Rejection and denial (yes and no)

-Possessives

-Action words

-Where things are in time and space

Social

-Can do with gestures or verbally

-Like hi and bye

What is pragmatics like during the first word stage?

- pragmatic function

- mathetic function

- informative function

What is the pragmatic function?

-Being able to control their desires or needs while interacting with someone

-Like how you say "mama" to get what you want

What is the methodic function?

-Use language as a tool and learn more

-Like "doggie" and they learn that it is a dog

-Just to label their environment

What is the informative function?

-They are conveying information to you

-"outside" because they want to go outside

What would you not want to work on during the first word period?

You would not work on morphology and syntax with them because they aren't using word ending or using 2 word utterances.

Explain the syntactic development during the period of two-word utterances.

-1 year= handful of words

-18 months - 50 words expressive vocab. (they understand more words, but only use 50)

-18-24 months - lexical growth spurt

-24 months - 120-300 words

When does the first two word utterance appear?

between 18-26 months

What are chained single-word utterances?

- two single words that children use in very close succession to each other but, based on stress and intonation patterns, us as individual words

- ball roll, cookie gone

What are semantic relations?

- around age 2

- reflect meaning based on different relationships among the words in the utterances

- they can follow with comprehension and following directions

- that ball, no ball, roll ball

What is mean length of utterance (MLU)?

- count the number of morphemes, both free and bound, that occur in the utterances

-As the morphemes start increasing, that is when the complexity increases

What is phonology like in preschool years?

-Vowel production usually mastered by age 3.

-Usually produced correctly before the consonants.

-Phonological Processes: Syllable structure, Assimilation, Substitution, Final Consonant Deletion

Explain some phonological processes.

-Typically developing kids do use phonological processes to make the words easier to produce

-They simplify

-They might reduce the number of syllables or reduplicate

-Assimilate a certain sound to another like dod instead of dog

-You should expect them to go away

What happens with semantics in the preschool years?

- fast mapping, slow mapping, extended mapping

- quick incidental learning

- whole object versus objects components

- mutual exclusivity

-novel name- nameless category

What is fast mapping?

-construct a representation to a word and connect in after only seeing it one time.

-Map it to anything similar looking.

-A quick way to associate a word, but wrong most of the time.

What is slow mapping?

- go deeper

- longer term refinement of word meaning