ap euro unit 7

The period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that lasted from 1839 to 1876 is known as the...

Tanzimat

During the 1830s and 1840s, romantic republican nationalism in Italy was led by...

Giuseppe Mazzini

Camillo Cavour played an instrumental role in...

the unification of Italy

In the 1850s, the two most powerful German-speaking states were...

Austria and Prussia

What German-speaking country did Bismarck inten to exclude from a united Germany?

Austria

The newly-elected French National Assembly of 1871 was dominated by ...

monarchists

The Paris Commune was dominated by...

petty bourgeosie

What country did Austria compete with for influence in the Balkans?

Britain

In 1894 Captain Alfred Dreyfus was found guilty of...

passing secrets to the Germans

The new Russian provincial and country councils organized in 1864 were known as...

zemstvos

Alexander III sought to...

continue his father's reforms

Gladstone's ministry of 1868 to 1874 witnessed the...

culminiation of classical British liberalism

Disraeli's efforts at social reform focused on...

paternalistic legistlation

The "Irish Question" centered on the issue of...

home rule

What is the most accurate statement concerning the Crimean War?

the Concert of Europe was shattered

The correct chronological order of Bismarck's moves leading to the unification of Germany was in vitories against...

Denmark, Austria, France

The Hatti-i Hümayun...

spelled out the rights of non-Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire

The cause of Italian unification was strengthened by the help of the ...

French

Girabaldi led the campaign for control of ...

Sicily and southern Italy

In 1860s, Napoleon III did...

sign a free trade treaty with Britain, permit labor unions, relax press laws, and permit freer debate in the legislature

In the 19c., divorce by mutual consent was...

not permitted in most European countries

Most of the women filling service positions in the second half of the nineteenth century were...

young and unmarried

The cult of domesticity most shaped the lives of \______ women

middle-class

Europe's most advanced women's movement was in...

Britain

Which country did not adopt a broad-based electoral system in the nineteenth century?

Russia

French labor unions...

avoided active political participation

Karl Kautsky argued that the immediate task for German socialists was...

to work to improve the lives of German workers

The leading advocate of Russia's industrialization was....

Count Sergei Witte

Which was NOT associated with the Second Industrial Revolution?

textiles

Overall, the standard of living in the industrialized nations \______ of the nineteenth century

improved in the second-half

Secretaries, retail clerks, and lower-level bureacrats made up the...

petite bourgeoisie

Commercial development, railway construction, and slum clearance contributed to the...

development of the suburbs

Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Joseph Lister are associated with...

the bacterial theory of disease

Nineteenth-century prostitution was closely tied to...

overcrowding in the female labor force

What is NOT true of the development of European cities in the second half of the nineteenth century?

city centers became havens of the middle class

True Statement: They did not

What is the most correct statement about trades unions by 1900?

they were legalized in Germany, England, and France

Bismarck's response to the efforts of the German socialists included...

repression of the socialist parties, creation of national health insurance, passage of old-age and disability pensions, and the creation of national accident insurance

French workers usually voted...

socialist

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the arbiter of consumer taste was the...

middle class

Middle-class reformers saw a cure for all the problems of slums in...

housing reform

What was the cause of the Crimean War?

Russia tried to advance on the Ottoman Empire

What did the 1856 Treaty of Paris do?

required Russia to surrender territory, to recognize the nuetrality of the Black Sea, and to renounce its claims to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire

What did the Hatti-i Sharif of Gülhane do?

it attempted to reorganize the Ottoman Empire's administration and military along European lines

What did the Young Turks do?

they had a program to modernize the Ottoman Empire

What happened in Italy by 1860?

the peninsula was transformed into a nation-state under a constitutional monarchy

Describe Count Camillo Cavour.

initially conservative but became moderately liberal; cunning statesman; made a fortune; a nationalist of new breed; rejected republicanism

How did Cavour involve Italy in European politics?

he sent 10,000 troops to help France and Britain in the Crimean war

Why did Italy and Austria go to war?

Piedmont mobilized its army and Austria demanded it demobilize which allowed people to say Austria was provoking a war

Who was proclaimed king of Italy and when?

Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed in March of 1861

What was the problem in Italy?

it had not so much been unified as it had been conquered; economies and societies of the north and south were incompatible

What was the Italian constitution like?

it provided for a conservative constitutional monarchy; parliament had two houses - senate, appointed by the king, and chamber of deputies, elected on narrow franchise

What was transformismo?

bribery, favors, or a seat in the cabinet transformed political opponents into government supporters

What was Italia irredenta?

"unredeemed Italy"

Which three groups united Germany?

the conservative army, the monarchy, and the prime minister of Prussia

What was the Zollverein?

a German tariff union

Why was Bismarck such a humonguous deal?

he shaped the next 30 years of European history

What does it mean when it says Bismarck was a pragmatic leader?

he put more trust in power and action than in ideas

What was kleindeutsch?

"small Germany"; exclude Austria

What was the Danish War of 1864?

Denmark wanted to incorporate the Schleswig and Holstein into Denmark, but together Prussia and Russia defeated Denmark

What did Bismarck order Prussian forces to do to provoke a war with Austria?

he said they should be as obnoixious as possible

How did the Austro-Prussian war come about?

Austria appealed to the German Confederation to intervene in the dispute. Bismarck claimed the request violated the 1864 alliance and Convention of Gastein; a seven week war followed - Prussia easily won

What was the Treaty of Prage (1866)?

it ended the conflict; lenient towards Austria - only lost Venetia which was ceded to Fr. and then Italy

What was the North German Confederation?

all Germany north of the Main River formed the NGC

What did Prussia annex after the Austro-Prussian war and why?

Hanover, Hesse Kassel, Nassau and the city of Frankfurt; because they had supported Austria during the war

What was the legislature of the NGC like?

composed of two houses: federal council composed of members appointed by the governments (Bundesrat), and a lower house chosen by universal male suffrage (Reichstag)

What did Bismarck make the most powerful institutions within Germany?

the monarchy and the army

What happened when Isabella II, queen of Spain, was deposed?

the Spaniards chose Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern, a Catholic cousin of William I of Prussia; on June 19, 1870, Leopold accpeted the crown with Prussian blessings

Why was this significant?

Bismarck knew that France would strongly object to a Hohenzollern Spain

What brought about the Franco-Prussian war?

the French government instructed their ambassador to ask William of Prussia that he wouldn't tolerate a Spanish candidacy for Leopold; William refused in a nice way, but when Bismarck released an edited version of the telegram it made it appear that William had insulted the ambassador and on July 19 France declared war on Prussia

What happened in the Franco-Prussian war?

the southern German states joined Prussia against France and at the Battle of Sedan, the Germans demolished France

What occured on January 18, 1871 that was so very significant?

the German empire was declared

What was important about Germany?

it was rich in resources, money, and military; it was very strong; and it was conservative

Which two nations were most immediately affected by German and Italian unification?

France (which returned to republican government) and Austria (which came to terms with Magyar subjects)

What it the reign of Napoleon III divided into?

the years of autoritarian empire and those of the liberal empire

Where did N3's support come from?

the army, property owners, French Catholic Church, peasants, and business poeple

What were N3's policies before 1860?

controlled legislature, censored press, and harassed political dissidents

How did N3's policies change after 1860?

he concluded a free-trade treaty with Britain, permitted freer debate int he legislature, relaxed press laws, permitted labor unions, allowed leaders of moderates in legislature to form a ministry, adn agreed to a liberal constitution which madeministers responsible to the legislature

What were some of N3's failures in foreign policy?

lost control of Italian unification, supported a disastrous military expedition in Mexico, and watched passively while Bismarck reorganized German affairs

What was the Paris Commune and why was it formed?

it was a new municipal government which intended to administer Paris separately from the rest of France;it was formed because many Parisians felt betrayed by the National Assembly

How did the National Assembly respond to the Paris Commune?

they surrounded, then bombarded the city, and killed many inhabitants

What did the National Assembly do in 1875?

decided to regularize the political system adopting a law that provided for a Chamber of Deputies, a Senate, and a President

What was the Dreyfus affair?

a Jewis man was accused of spreading secrets to the Germans, was arrested, it was later found out it was forged

What did Emile Zola have to say about the Dreyfus affair?

"J'accuse" - the army had denied due process to Dreyfus

What did a critic remark about the Habsburg empire?

"a standing army of soldiers, a kneeling army of priests, and a crawling army of informers supported the empire"

How did the Habsburgs respond the the revolts of 1848?

they resorted to absolutism

What was the October Diploma?

created a federation among the states and provinces of the empire; local diets dominated landed classes; single imperial parliament

What was the February Patent?

established a bicameral imperial parliament (Reichstrat) with an upper chamber appointed by the emperor and a lower chamber indirectly apointed; when the Reichstrat wasn't in session the emperor could rule by decree

What was the Augsleich (Compromist of 1867)?

transformed the Habsburg Empire into a dual monarchy known as Austria-Hungary

What did the Czechs want?

"trialism," triple monarchy, which Francis (Austria) was willing to accept, but the Hungarians didn't want

Why did nationalism grow stronger during the last quarter of the century?

language became most important factor in defining a nation; people were more educated; race and ethnicity became factors

What was the problem with Austria-Hungary?

it was unstable and many people wanted to join Germany

Why was Alexander II cool?

he restructured Russian society

When was serfdom abolished in Russia?

February 1861

Why was the abolishment of serfdom actually not that amazing?

land didn't accompany freedom; peasants still had to pay off taxes and such

What were the statutes on the judiciary that Alexander II issued?

equliaty before law, impartial hearings, uniform procedures, judicial independence, and trial by jury

How was the Russian military reformed?

the required years of service were decreased from 25 to 15

How did Alexander repress in Poland?

Russian law, language, and administration was imposed on all areas of Polish life

What was populism?

a revolutionary movement which sought a social revolution based on the communal life of the Russian peasants; 'Land and Freedom'

What happened with these populists?

they tried to gain support but were turned in