lecture exam ch. 8,9,11

myofibrils

sarcolemma

fibrous cavity(capsule)

What is a joint(also known as an articulation)?

a location where 2 or more bones meet.

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous

Describe a synovial joint

most common. has a synovial cavity between the bones

Describe fibrous joints

connected by dense irregular connective tissue

Describe cartilaginous joints

Connected by cartilage

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Describe synarthrosis joints. provide example

no movement between bones.

Describe amphiarthrosis joints

slightly moveable

Describe diarthosis joints

"freely moveable"

What kind of movement is the skull bones an example of?

synarthrosis

All synovial joints are...

diarthrotic

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

synchrondosis and symphysis

What type of movement does synchdroses allow? What type of cartilage? Provide example.

synarthrotic. hyaline cartilage. epiphyseal plate

What type of carilage are symphyses? Provide examples.

fibrocartilage. pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints

What is double jointed?

Hyper mobility. trade off between strength and flexibility

what is the function of synovial membrane? what is it made of?

Secretes synovial fluid. loose connective tissue similar to areolar

synovial membrane

What is synovial fluid derived from? What cell does it contain?

Blood plasma. Contains phagocytes

synovial fluid

articular cartilage

What kind of cartilage is articular cartilage? What is its function?

hyaline. decreases function

Where is the fibrous cavity located? What kind of tissue is it made of?

Outside of cavity. dense irregular

What is a ligament? what kind of tissue? what is its function?

Dense regular connective tissue that connects bone to bone. Restricts movement

What is a bursae? function?

A fluid filled sac that decreases function and adds cushion.

What is the function of articular discs?

Improve fit between bones

What is the function of the menisci?

Distribute weight

What are the 4 categories of movements at synovial joints?

gliding, angular, rotation, and special movements

What is gliding? example of where it occurs.

simple back and forth, side to side. between carpals

What is angular movement?

increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones

What are the angular movements?

Flexion
Extension
hyperextension
abduction
adduction
circumduction

What is rotation? example

one bone is moving around the axis. atlanto-axial joint

What are the special movements?

elevation, depression , dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion, pronation, supination

What are the 6 types of synovial joints

1. Planar
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Condyloid
5. Saddle
6. Ball and socket

What are planar joints?
what kind of movement?
examples?

occurs when 2 flat surfacees of bones slide.
Gliding
intercarpal, intertarsal, sternoclavicular

What are hinge joints?
What kind of movement?
Examples?

cylindrical bone fits into concavity on another bone. flexion and extension.
elbow, knee, tempromandibular, interphalangial

What are pivot joints?
What kind of movement?
examples?

Pointed/rounded surface of one bone, articulates with a "ring".
Rotation.
proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial

What are condyloid joints?
What kind of movement?
examples?

oval-shaped bones fit into oval-shaped depressions. flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction. metacarpophalangeal, atlantooccipital, wrist/ankle

What are saddle joints?
what kind of movements?
examples?

modified condyloid. bones are saddle shaped.
flexion extension, abduction, adduction, curcumduction.
carpometacarpal 1

What are ball and socket joints?
What kind of movements?
examples?

ball like bone fits into cup-shaped depression
flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation
shoulder and hip joint

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

sutures, sydesmosis, gomphosis

what are sutures?
what movement do they allow?
example?

joints held together by very short, interconnecting fibers and bone edges interlock.
synarthrotic: no movement
skull

What is syndesmosis?
What movement do they allow?

held together by a ligament.
amphiarthrotic

What is the special type of syndesmosis? where is it found and what kind of tissue?

interosseus membranes. between the diaphyses of the tibia and fibula, and radius and ulna. made of dense regular

What is gomphosis?

Joints between a tooth and mandible

What are the 5 functions of muscle tissue?

1. produce body movements
2. stabilize body positions: posture muscles
3. stabilize joints
4. storing/moving substances through the body: smooth and cardiac
5. generating heat: ATP

What is origin?

immovable end of a muscle

What is insertion?

end of a muscle that moves

How does skeletal muscle fiber grow?

hypertrophy. individual cells get larger. become packed with myofibrils.

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

What does skeletal muscle connect to? Describe the structure.

attaches to the bone. very long, from the fusion of many cells. many cells. has striations

What are striations?

"lines" in muscle cells

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle tissue. how many nuclei? What cell junctions does it have? What does it contain?

involuntary muscle tissue. 1-2 nuclei. gap junctions and desmosomes. contains intercalated discs.

What are intercalated discs?

Places where the cells meet up. dense, thicker line

Describe the structure of smooth muscle tissue. How many nuclei? where is it found? does it have striations?

spindle-shaped. single nuclei. found in hollow organs. involuntary. no striations

What is the hypodermis in relation to the connective tissue components of skeletal muscle?

made of adipose tissue. insulates, protects, stores energy

What is fascia in relation to the connective tissue components of skeletal muscle?

Wraps around muscles and muscle groups. type of dense connective

What is the endomysium?

inner most layer. wraps individual cells

What is a fascicle wrapped in? What is it?

perimysium. a bundle of muscle cells

What is the epimysium?

wraps the entire cell.

What is a tendon?

Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or muscle to muscle.

What is aponeurosis?

a thin sheet-like tendon made of dense regular connective.

What is the sarcolemma?

the plasma membrane of a muscle cell

Where are the peripheral nuclei located? are they abundant or not?

outside of a muscle cell. Abundant

What is the sarcoplasm?

the cytoplasm of a muscle cell

What is the sarcoplasm made of?

myoglobin, ATP, and creatine phosphate

What is myoglobin?

modified hemoglobin. binds to oxygen and holds onto it.

What is the function of mitochondria in skeletal muscle fiber?

site of ATP production

What is myofibril?

contractile organelle

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? What is its function?

modified smooth ER. stores and releases calcium

What are transverse tubules? What is its function?

infolding of sarcolemma. help spread electrical signal?

fascia

perimysium

endomysium

epimysium

tendon

aponeurosis

peripheral nuclei

sarcoplasm

transverse tubules

sarcoplasmic reticulum

What are thick filaments made of? What is the function?

made of myosin. ATP binds to the myosin head.

What are thin filaments made of? What is the interaction between thin filaments, thick filaments, and ATP?

Made of actin. Myosin heads grab onto actin filaments. Energized by ATP

What is the function of tropomyosin?

covers myosin binding sites on actin

What is the function of troponin? What does it do with calcium?

holding tropomyosin in place. Calcium binds, and it releases.

What are sarcomers?

A unit. z-disc to z-disc

What is the A band?

dark striations, thick filaments

What is the I band?

light striations, thin filaments

What is the M-line?

holds thick filaments in place. down the middle

What is the H-Zone?

contains only thick filaments

What is the sliding filament mechanism? What happens to the sarcomere, A band, I band and H zone?

Sliding of thing filaments toward the M- line.
Sarcomere shortens.
A band stays the same.
I band decreases.
H zone decreases.

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Frees up binding sites, which allows for the contraction cycle.

What is the first step of the contraction cycle?

Cross bridge formation: myosin head attaches to actin. ATP->ADP+P

What is the second step of the contraction cycle?

The power stroke: myosin heads rotate toward M-line

What is the third step of the contraction cycle?

Cross-bridge detachment: New ATP binds, head releases

What is the last step of the contraction cycle?

Cocking of myosin head: reset

What is botulinum toxin?

produced by a bacterium. Blocks ACh exocytosis

What is myasthenia gravis?

causes destruction of ACh receptors