Teas 7 Biology UPDATED V3

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

What are the four types of MacroMolecules?

Hydrolysis

The breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water is called

Dehydration Synthesis

The formation of large molecules by the removal of water is called

Monomers

Small molecular building blocks of polymers are called

Monosacharries, discharrides, polysaccharides

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

Energy storage

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

Fructose and glucose

What are common monosaccharides?

6

How many carbons does a monosaccharide contain?

disaccharides

2 monosaccharides linked together are called

disaccharides

Which type of carbohydrates is used for sugar transportation or energy storage

Sucrose, Lactose, and maltose

What are some common disaccharides?

Polysaccharides

3 or more chains of carbohydrates are called

Polysaccharides

Which type of carbohydrates is mainly used for structural support?

Monosaccharides

What are Carbohydrates made out of?

fatty acids and glycerol

What are lipids made out of?

Amino Acids

What are proteins made out of?

Nucletides

What are Nucleic Acids made out of?

Triglycerides, phospholipids and steriods

What are the three types of lipids?

Animals fats and Oils

What do triglycerides include?

Animal Fats

What oil stays solid at room temperature?

Oils

What oil stays liquid at room temperature

Unsaturated Fats

Contains a double bond in a fatty acid chain

Saturated Fats

Contains a single bond in a fatty acid chain

Cholesterol, Cortisol, and Aldosterone

What is an example of an important steroids?

one glycerol, two fatty acids, and one phosphate group

Phospholipids are composed of

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

What are Carbohydrates made up of?

Chains of polypeptides

What are proteins made up of?

Fibrous Proteins

Lengthy and narrow chains of proteins used for structural purposes

Proteins

What are classified as the most structurally complex biological molecules

Globular Proteins

typically more dense and round shaped proteins, and their role is primarily functional

Lipids

A macromolecule that is insoluble in water

Hydrophillic (water-loving), hydrophobic (hates-water)

A phospholipid has a ____ __head and a__ ______ tail

20

How many different types of amino acids are there?

Enzymes

A protein with strong catalytic power are called

Adenine, Thymin, Guanine, Cytosine

What are the nitrogeneous bases for DNA?

Adenine, Uracil, Thymin, Cytosine

What are the nitrogeneous bases for RNA?

carry genetic information which is read in cells to make the RNA and proteins by which living things function

What is the role of nucleic acids?

Transcription

Unzips DNA in our cells to create a matching strand of RNA is called

Translation

When Matching RNA is transported to a ribosome it is called

Through foods

How does are essential amino acids received in the human body

9

Out of the 21 amino acids how many are classified as “essential?”

Structural Proteins

Responsible for making proteins hard and rigid

Motor Proteins

Responsible for converting chemical energy into mechanical work through the hydrolysis of ATP

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA stands for

Ribonucleic Acid

RNA stands for

Phosphate, Sugar, and Nitrogeneous Base

What molecules make up a nucleotide?

In the nucleus

Where is DNA located?

mRNA

Responsible for taking DNA information to ribosomes

Assisting in making proteins

What is the function of tRNA and Rrna?

Transcription

During this process DNA is split into 2

Template strand

The top part of a DNA strand is called the

Coding Strand

The bottom part of a DNA strand is called the

RNA polyermase

Responsible for opening/splitting up DNA

\
* Main Enzyme involved in transcription
* Has the ability to make mRNA
* responsible for forming new copies of DNA/mRNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules

\
\

Codons

Nucleotides that come in a sequence of 3 are called

64

How many possbility are there of different codons?

3

How many codons are classified as “stop codons”

Stop the translation process

What is the function of “stop codons?”

Amino Acids

Codons are used to make _______

tRNA

Anticodons are found in

Cells

The basic building block of all living things are called

Carrying around DNA for an organism

What is one of the important jobs of a cell?

* All organisms are made of cells
* Cells are the basic unit of all living things
* Cells are made from pre-existing cells

Modern Cell Theory states that…

Prokaryote Cell

A cell that lacks a nucleus is called a

* Outer Layer has Ribosomes
* Inner Layer has Lamines

What are the 2 layers of out Nuclear Envelope?

Nucleolus

Where is the site of Rrna synthesis located?

Glycosylation

The activation of a protein is called

Rough ER

Where is the site of Glycosylation

Sis Face

The part of the Golgi Apparatus where molecules enter is called the

Trans Face

The part of the Golgi Apparatus where molecules exit is called the

Lysosomes

Organelles that function in the breakdown of various substances are called

Cytoskeleton

Is a membraneless structure found in all cell types, and it is made of various types of protein fibers

Cytoskeleton

Known for it’s role in cell shape and structure, it is also involved in the movement of materials within the cell and the movement of the cell itself

Autophagy

A process by which a cell breaks down and destroys old, damaged, or abnormal proteins and other substances in its cytoplasm is called

Microfiliaments (Actin)

Helps with muscle contraction + controls the shape of cells

Intermediate Fibers

Stiff and rigged type of fibers

\
* Helps anchor cell-cell
* Cell-Organelles

Microtubules/Motor Proteins

Helps with Intracellular transport + cell division + cell extension

Hypertonic

When extracellular fluid has higher solute concentration as compared to the cytoplasm, the fluid is described as

Hypotonic

When extracellular fluid has lower solute concentration as compared to the cytoplasm, the fluid is described as

Isotonic

When the extracellular fluid has the same solute concentration as the cytoplasm, the fluid is described as

Colligative property

A property of a solution that depends only on the amount of solute and not the size, mass, or chemical nature of the solute is called

Endocytosis

The ingestion of fluid, large particles, or target molecules are called

Active Transport

Exocytosis and Endocytosis are both examples of

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

A form of endocytosis that targets certain molecules (such as LDLs or low-density lipoproteins) are called

2

\
* The outer membrane (acts as a selective barrier)
* The inner membrane (where most of the ATP is made)

How many membranes does the Mitochondria have?

Cristae

The structures of the inner membrane of the mitochondria is called

Chemiosmosis

The synthesis of ATP is called

Gametogenesis

The process by which diploid germ cells give rise to haploid gamates (sex cells) are called

Flagellum

The tail of a sperm is called the

Axoneme

The microtubule-based core of the flagellum is called the

24

Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tube within _______ hours of ovulation

Microbes

Organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye are called

producing oxygen, decomposing organi material, providing nutrients, and maintaining human health

How are micro-organisms beneficial?

Parasite

A microbe that lives in or on the body of a larger organism are called

Pathogen

An infectious agent is called a

Fungi

Eukaryotic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material form their environment through symbiotic relationships with plants or harmful relationships with a host

infectious diseases

Diseases that spread from one person to another

noninfectious diseases

Diseases that cannot be transmitted directly from one person to another

Viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, and animals

What are the main groups of pathogens

protozoans/protists

Unicellular aerobic eukaryotes. They are considered the largest group of organisms in the world in terms of numbers, biomass, and diversity

parasites

Microbes that are not free-living and must find a host from which to gain nutrients