APUSH Midterm

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Arawak

Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus.

Carib people

The reputably violent tribe of the northern coast of South America who attacked the Taino peoples before the Europeans did?

Bering Strait

land bridge -- Native Americans crossed this former land bridge from Asia to the Americas

Christopher Columbus

Genoese Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Mound Builders

Members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 B.C.E.-1250 C.E.

Cahokia

900-1250 C.E. Cahokia was the capital of the surrounding territory and held the largest population in North America. Cahokia was known for their trade routes, class distinctions, and their connections with other civilizations

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

English Renaissance writer and playwright, he is considered by many to be the greatest English writer of all time.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Hugenots

French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin

Mohawk

a tribe in the Iroquois Confederacy

Seneca

a tribe in the Iroquois Confederacy

Church of England (Anglican Church)

The national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII.

Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Ponce de Leon

Spanish explorer who landed on the coast of modern-day Florida and claimed it for Spain

St. Augustine

First spanish settlement in North America Florida 1565

John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto)

Italian sailor sent by England to search for the Northwest Passage - claimed land for the English

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Pueblo People

Southwestern conglomeration of tribes including the Hopi, Taos, and Zuni, who lived in today's New Mexico and Arizona

Maize

An early form of corn grown by Native Americans

Encomienda System

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Zambos

People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class, with no rights whatsoever.

Spanish Armada

The Spanish Fleet

Sepulveda

argued that Biblical text stated that natives were inferior and destined to slavery

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans, but promoted African slavery

Juan de Onate

Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607.

Mission System

a way of living used by the Spanish in the Americas, in which settlements were designed to convert local Indians to Catholicism and make them into loyal Spanish subjects

Father Kino

Catholic Priest who became famous for work he did with Akimel O'odham and Tohono O'odham Indians in Arizona and New Mexico.

Roanoake

First US settlement, but unsuccesful

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Captain John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

Pochahontas

Chief Powhatan's daughter who married John Rolfe ending the first Powhatan wars.

Powhatan Confederacy

Group of Native Americans who traded with John Smith. The confederacy gets its name from its leader, Chief Powhatan.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Joint Stock Companies

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination.

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America.

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Treaty of Saragossa (1529)

Cantino Planisphere

Early map of the Indies (Caribbean) and Africa made in 1502. It showed how skewed 16th Century Europeans' idea of geography was.

Pinturicchio

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Eighty Years War

The Eighty Years' War, or Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648), began as a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces against the political and religious hegemony of Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands.

William and Mary

King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Mayflower

The ship that brought the Pilgrims to the New World.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Squanto

Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

City Upon a Hill

name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations

Interregum

period between reigns

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Charles I of England

English King during the English Civil War is executed by Oliver Cromwell

Parliament

Britain's law-making assembly

Acts of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Fundamental Orders

The first constitution written in North America; granted ALL adult males to vote not just church going land owners as was the policy in Massachusetts (this was in Connecticut)

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Charles II of England

Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum.

Huron Confederacy

A group of Indians similar to the Iroquois. French joined them in the fight against the Iroquois. Iroquois tried to get rid of NH. Development of firearms-French resisted selling their guns to them (their allies) so now the Iroquois had an advantage. So, Iroquois devastated the them. Most were incorporated into their own population. Increased Iroquois power, and Iroquois became feared throughout Europe. Dutch formed an alliance with the Iroquois, which kept other Indians from attacking them.

Beaver Wars

A series of wars in the mid-1600s in which the Iroquois, who allied with the English and Dutch, fought the Huron and Algonquin tribes, who were backed by the French. The wars were fought over land and the monopolization of the fur trade.

Proprietary Colony

English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

King Philip

English name for Metacon who forged an alliance among Indians to try to end the spread of English settlement

Chickasaw Wars

War in the 1700s between the Chickasaw, allied with the British, against the French, who were allied with the Choctaw and Illini. The war was fought over land, primarily for control of the Mississippi River.

Catawba Nation

A group of the remains of several different Indian tribes that joined together in the late 1700's. The Catawba Nation was in the Southern Piedmont region. Forced migration made the Indians join in this group.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

Wool Act

All wool that was produced in the colonies could only be exported to Britain

Act restricted Ireland in its wool manufacturing, resulting in many Irish immigrants moving to the American colonies

The Act was meant to protect Britain's own exports of wool at the expense of both the colonies and Ireland

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Molasses Act

A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.

Bicameral Legislature

a lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Stono Rebellion

a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws

William Berkeley

A Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.

Igbo

a member of the largest ethnic group in southeastern Nigeria

Lukumi

Blending of Native American, Roman Catholicism, and African Tribal religion

Vodou

African slave religion primarily in Haiti that developed from the combination of Roman Catholicism and African traditions.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Harvard

The oldest college in America, which reflected Puritan commitment to an educated ministry

Gorgets

Necklaces made by the Mississippian Indians from the shiny, pink inside of a conch shell

Smallpox

A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing millions of Native Americans.