Anatomy by Dr.Jalal [Neuroscience]

Nervous system

The complex network of nerves and cells that transmit signals between different parts of the body.

Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) part

The division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the fight or flight response.

Cranial nerves

The 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain and control sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.

Spinal cord

The long, cylindrical bundle of nerves that extends from the brain stem to the lower back and transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

Cervical enlargement

The part of the spinal cord that gives origin to the brachial plexus of the upper limb.

Lumbar enlargement

The part of the spinal cord that gives origin to the lumbar and sacral plexuses of the lower limb.

Ventral (motor) root

The root of a spinal nerve that carries motor signals from the spinal cord to the muscles.

Dorsal (sensory) root

The root of a spinal nerve that carries sensory signals from the body to the spinal cord.

Subdural space

The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater that contains a thin film of serous fluid.

Subarachnoid space

The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and spinal nerve roots.

Lumbar cistern

The lower part of the subarachnoid space that contains CSF, cauda equina, and filum terminale.

Spinal cord fixation

The process of attaching various structures to the spinal cord to stabilize it, including the subarachnoid septum, filum terminale, denticulate ligament, and dura mater.

Blood supply

The arteries that supply blood to the spinal cord, including the anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal arteries, radicular spinal arteries, and various other arteries from different regions of the body.

Venous drainage

The longitudinal venous channels that drain blood from the spinal cord into the internal vertebral venous plexus in the epidural space.

Brain stem

The part of the brain that consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, connecting the spinal cord to the rest of the brain.

Medulla oblongata

The lowermost part of the brain stem, extending from the pons to the spinal cord, and responsible for various vital functions.

Pons

The middle part of the brain stem, located between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, and involved in relaying signals between different parts of the brain.

Midbrain

The uppermost and shortest part of the brain stem, connecting the pons to the diencephalon, and containing structures such as the cerebral peduncles and the colliculi.

Sup& inf brachia (Brachia quadrigemina)

Structures in the midbrain that connect to the lateral and medial geniculate bodies respectively.

Post. cerebral, sup cerebellar & ant choroidal

Arteries that cross the lateral surfaces of the midbrain.

Optic tract & trochlear n.

Nerve that crosses the lateral surface of the midbrain.

Trochlear n.

Nerve that emerges from the midbrain below the inferior colliculus.

Basal v.

crosses lateral surface of midbrain & is located in the great cerebral vein.

Interpeduncular fossa

Space between the two cerebral peduncles.

Post

Arterial supply to the midbrain.

Post

Artery that connects to the internal carotid artery.

Optic n.

Second cranial nerve, arising from ganglion cells of the retina.

Oculomotor n.

Third cranial nerve, emerging from the medial aspect of the cerebral peduncle.

Trochlear n.

Fourth cranial nerve, emerging from the midbrain below the tectum.

Trigeminal n.

Fifth cranial nerve, attached to the lateral side of the pons.

Abducent n.

Sixth cranial nerve, emerging anteriorly from the ponto-medullary junction.

Facial n

Seventh and eighth cranial nerves, emerging at the pontomedullary junction near the MCP.

Glossopharyngeal n., Vagus n., Cranial root of accessory n.

Ninth, tenth, and eleventh cranial nerves, arising from the postero-lateral sulcus of the medulla.

Hypoglossal n.

Twelfth cranial nerve, arising from the antero-lateral sulcus of the medulla.

Cerebellum

Largest part of the hindbrain, located in the posterior cranial fossa.

Tentorium cerebelli

Structure separating the cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres.

Sigmoid dural sinus, mastoid antrum, mastoid air cells

Structures in the lateral relation to the cerebellum.

Lat

Two large lateral parts of the cerebellum.

Vermis

Narrow median part of the cerebellum joining the two hemispheres.

Ant

Wide notch on the superior surface of the cerebellum.

Post

Narrow notch on the superior surface of the cerebellum.

Superior vermis

Median longitudinal ridge on the superior surface of the cerebellum.

Fissura prima (1ry fissure)

Wide V-shaped fissure on the superior surface of the cerebellum.

Val lecula

Deep median longitudinal groove on the inferior surface of the cerebellum.

Inferior vermis

Longitudinal ridge on the inferior surface of the cerebellum.

Flocculus

Structure along the anterior border of the inferior surface of the cerebellum.

Tonsil

Small part of the cerebellum on either side of the inferior vermis uvula.

Primary fissure

Fissure on the superior surface of the cerebellum separating the anterior and posterior lobes.

Posterolat

Fissure separating the flocculonodular lobe from the rest of the cerebellum.

Horizontal fissure

Fissure separating the superior and inferior surfaces of the cerebellum.

Ant

Three anatomical lobes of the cerebellum.

Vestibulo-cerebellum (Archi-cerebellum)

Functional zone of the cerebellum connected to the vestibular system.

Spino-cerebellum (Paleo-cerebellum)

Functional zone of the cerebellum connected to the spinal cord and brain stem.

Cerebro-cerebellum (Neo-cerebellum)

Functional zone of the cerebellum connected to the cerebral cortex.

Sup

Arterial supply to the cerebellum.

Fourth ventricle

Cavity of the hindbrain located between the pons, upper part of the medulla, and the cerebellum.

Upper angle, lower angle, lat

Angles of the fourth ventricle.

Boundaries

The roof, floor, and two lateral borders of the 4th ventricle.

Lat

The lateral borders of the 4th ventricle, divided into above, middle, and below sections.

Floor

Divided by the median longitudinal sulcus into upper pontine part and lower medullary part.

Dorsal surface of medulla upper 1/2 (open medulla)

Forms the lower 1/2 of the 4th ventricle floor.

Hypoglossal trigone

Overlies the hypoglossal nerve nucleus.

Vagal trigone

Overlies the vagus nerve dorsal nucleus.

Lower vestibular area

Overlies the inferior and medial vestibular nuclei.

Area postrema (vomiting center)

Protuberance at the 4th ventricle inferoposterior limit.

Dorsal (tegmental) surface pons

Forms the upper 1/2 of the 4th ventricle floor.

Med

Features on the dorsal surface of the pons.

Sulcus limitans

A sulcus lateral to the medial eminence, with a lower part called superior fovea.

Upper vestibular area

Overlies the superior and lateral vestibular nuclei.

Roof

The superior and inferior areas of the 4th ventricle roof.

Median recess

Formed by the 4th ventricle roof drawn backwards towards the cerebellum.

Lateral recesses

Located at the 4th ventricle lateral angles.

Communications

Connections of the 4th ventricle with other ventricles and spaces.

Cerebral hemispheres

The two halves of the cerebrum.

Diencephalon

A part of the brain located between the cerebral hemispheres.

Surfaces

The lateral, medial, and inferior surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.

Borders

The superior, superciliary, and inferior borders of the cerebral hemispheres.

Division into lobes

The division of each hemisphere into frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.

Sulci

The major sulci that divide the cerebral hemispheres into lobes.

Grey matter (Cerebral cortex)

The outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, formed of cell bodies of neurons.

White matter

The inner layer of the cerebral hemispheres, formed of myelinated nerve fibers.

Basal nuclei (Basal ganglia)

Masses of gray matter situated within the white matter near the base of the hemispheres.

Lateral ventricle

A cavity lying inside the cerebral hemisphere.

Sulci

Grooves or furrows on the surface of the cerebral cortex.

Gyri

Ridges or bumps on the surface of the cerebral cortex.

Lingual gyrus

A gyrus located between the calcarine and post-calcarine sulci on the superior surface, and the collateral sulcus on the inferior surface. It is continuous with the parahippocampal gyrus anteriorly.

Cuneus

A triangular area between the postcalcarine and parieto-occipital sulci.

Precuneus

A quadrilateral area between the marginal sulcus (in front), parieto-occipital sulcus (behind), upper border (above), and subparietal sulcus (below).

Paracentral lobule

A quadrilateral area surrounding the upper end of the central sulcus on the medial surface.

Callosal sulcus

A sulcus that begins below the corpus callosum rostrum and arches around the genu, body, and splenium to become continuous with the hippocampal sulcus.

Cingulate sulcus

A sulcus that begins below the corpus callosum rostrum, passes above and parallel to the callosal sulcus, and ends posteriorly by dividing into marginal and subparietal sulci.

Calcarine sulcus

A sulcus that begins below the corpus splenium and has an orbital part (anterior 1/3 on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe) and a tentorial part (posterior 2/3 on the inferior surface of the temporal and occipital lobes).

Olfactory sulcus

A sulcus near and parallel to the medial border, lodging the olfactory bulb and tract.

Gyrus rectus (straight)

A gyrus located medial to the olfactory sulcus.

Orbital sulcus

A sulcus that divides the remaining part of the calcarine sulcus into four orbital gyri (anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral).

Medial frontal gyrus

A gyrus located in front of the paracentral lobule.

Cingulate gyrus

A gyrus located between the cingulate and callosal sulci, posteriorly continuous with the parahippocampal gyrus and uncus through the isthmus of the limbic lobe.

Parahippocampal gyrus and uncus

A gyrus located between the hippocampal and collateral sulci, with the anterior end forming the uncus.

Medial occipito-temporal gyrus (fusiform)

A gyrus located between the collateral and occipito-temporal sulci.

Lateral occipito-temporal gyrus

A gyrus located lateral to the occipito-temporal sulcus, representing the inferior temporal gyrus from below upwards to meet the postcalcarine sulcus.