10th Grade Biology - Midterm Review

Cellular Organization
Reproduction
Universal Genetic Code
Growth & Development
Obtain and Use Materials & Energy
Respond to the Environment
Maintain a Stable Internal Environment
Change over Time

List the characteristics of life.

Global Ecology
Biotechnology
Genomics & Molecular Biology
Paleontology
Ecology & Evolution of Infectious Diseases

List examples of branches of biology

Charts
Graphs
Metersticks
Calculators

What tools are used by biologists?

protons; neutrons; nucleus

Atoms are made of \____ & \______ within the \______ of the atom.

electrons

Atoms are surrounded by a cloud of \______.

Vary; neutral; equal \#; protons; neutrons; electrons

Atoms \____ in \# of these particles, but \_____ atoms always have \___ \____ of \______, \_____, & \_____.

Energy; electrons

Atoms have \_____ from \______.

Elements

Substances that are made up of identical or similar atoms

Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)

List examples of elements.

Ions

Atoms with a positive or negative charge

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element, but differ in the \# of neutrons

Carbon-12 & Carbon-14

Give examples of Isotopes.

radioactive; age rocks; cancer; kill harmful bacteria

Many isotopes are \_______, and are used to \___ \____, treat \_____, or \____ \___ \____ in foods.

Compounds

2 or more elements, in definite ratios, held together by chemicals bonds

Water (H2O)
Oxygen Gas (O2)
Salt (NaCl)

Give examples of compounds.

physical; chemical; elements

Compounds have different \____ & \_____ properties from the \______ from which they form.

Chemical bonds

Holds atoms of compounds together

Ionic
Covalent
Van der Waals Forces

What are the 3 types of chemical bonds

opposite; transfer electrons

Ionic bonds occur when 2 atoms have \_____ charges and \______ \______.

Ionic bonds

when 2 atoms have opposite charges, transfer electrons

share

Covalent bonds occur when 2 atoms \____ electrons

Covalent bonds

When 2 atoms share electrons

Na+Cl-

Give an example of an ionic bond.

H2O & O2

Give examples of covalent bonds

molecules

Atoms joined by chemical bonds are \______.

Polar molecules (H2O)

Molecules with a positive or negative charge

Van der Waals Forces

Slight attraction between positive or negative charged regions of nearby molecules

Weaker than other bonds, but helps hold together very big molecules
Help many animals grip smooth, vertical surfaces (Ex: geckos)

What is special about Van der Waals Forces?

Suspension

mixture of H2O & undissolved material (mixing sand & water)

Mixture

Material made of 2 or more elements, combined physically, but not chemically

Solutions

Mixture of H2O & dissolved material (salt & water solution)

Solute

Dissolved substance

Solvent

Dissolving substance (H2O)

Hydrogen Concentration (H+)

What does pH measure?

pH scale

A scale that determines how acidic or basic a substance is (0-14 \= 0 being most acidic & 14 most basic)

Acidic

pH of 0-6

neutral

pH of 7

Basic (alkaline)

pH of 8-14

H+ ions (hydrogen ions)

What do acids release?

OH- (Hydroxide Ions)

What do bases release?

Has equal concentrations of H+ & OH-

What is special about a neutral pH?

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

List the 4 carbon macromolecules.

Carbohydrates

Sugars that provide energy/structure

Lipids

Made up of 3 fatty acids & a glycerol unit & provides energy (fats, oils, waxes)

Nucleic Acids

Carry heredity (genetic) info

Proteins

Provide structure & support

Endergonic & Exergonic

What are the 2 types of chemical reactions?

Endergonic

Chemical reactions that *absorb* free energy (P\>energy R)

Exergonic

Chemical reactions that *release* free energy (P

biotic

All of the biological influences on an organism

abiotic

All of the physical components of an ecosystem

A food chain (insect eaten by another organism and that organism is eaten by another)

Give an example of a biotic factor.

Temperature
Humidity
Soil

Give examples of abiotic factors.

Producers

Organisms that use solar energy or inorganic chemicals to make food (autotrophs)

Consumers

Organisms that use energy from other organisms they consume for food (heterotrophs)

Food Chains

A diagram that shows the energy transfer by eating & being eaten

Food Webs

Link all the food chains in an ecosystem together

Trophic level

Each level of a food chain or food web

Energy
Biomass
Pyramid of Numbers

What are the 3 types of ecological pyramids?

Energy Pyramid

A diagram that shows available energy - calories

Biomass Pyramid

A diagram that shows relative amount - mass - of living tissue

Pyramid of Numbers

A diagram that shows relative numbers of organisms

Ecological Pyramids

Special diagrams that shows relative amounts of energy, or matter within the trophic levels of a food chain of web

Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Water

List the 4 Nutrient Cycles

Climate

The annual average conditions of temperature & precipitation in a particular region that helps shape the communities in which organisms live

Weather

The day-to-day conditions at a particular time/place

Competition

Organisms of the same or different species attempt to use the same ecological resources (food/water)

Niche

An organism's role in an ecosystem

Place; food web

A niche is an organism's \_____ in the \___ \____.

share; niche; habitat

No two species can \____ the same \_____ in the same \_____.

Competitive exclusion principle

Direct competition often results in a winner (living) and a loser (dying)

Competition
Predation
Symbiosis

What are the 3 types of community interactions in an ecosystem?

Predation

When one organism preys (feeds) upon another organism

Predator-prey
Herbivore-plant
keystone species

What are the 3 types of predation relationships?

Keystone species

Important predators

Symbiosis

When 2 organisms live together

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

List the 3 types of symbiosis.

Mutualism

When both organisms benefit

Commensalism

One organism benefit, the other is neither helped nor harmed

Parasitism

One organism benefits, the other is harmed

rock; lava; pioneer; form soil; species; climax community

Primary succession starts with bare \_____ or \_____, \______ species (lichens/moss) move in first & \_____ \_____ for other \_____ to establish eventually leading to a \______ \_____ (usually a forest)

soil; disturbance; quickly

Secondary succession starts with \______, after a \_______; takes place more \_____ than primary succession (abandoned field)

Zones; light

Marine ecosystems are divided into \_____ based on \____.

Photic zone

Less than 200M, lighted region

Aphotic zone

More than 200 M, dark region

Intertidal
Coastal
Coral Reefs
Oceanic
Benthic

List the 5 zones of a marine ecosystem.

Intertidal zone

A zone where competitions occur and lead to the layering of organisms (zonation)

Coastal zone

A zone where kelp (algae) forests are located; supports much diversity of life

Coral Reefs

A zone where large communities of many diverse organisms (zooanthealle) are supported

Oceanic zone

A zone known as the open ocean and has a low level of nutrients, but many fish

Benthic zone

A zone known that contains the ocean floor and mostly scavengers & detritus feeders

Robert Hooke

The first to view dead cork cells and first to name and use the term "cell"

Cell membrane

Thin, flexible barrier surrounding the cell

controls cell activities; DNA

The nucleus \____ \__ \_____, contains \______, found in all cells except bacteria

Cytoplasm

Everything inside, except DNA

cytosol

Liquid only portion of the cytoplasm

Protects the nucleus

What does the nuclear envelope do?

Site where ribosomes are made

What is the nucleolus?

Vacuoles & vesicles

Saclike structures to store water, proteins, etc.
Plant cells have a large central vacuole

Lysosomes; break down

Have digestive enzymes; \___ \___ food & old cell parts (only in animal cells)