anatomy and physiology semester exam

coach Ellie made it

anatomy

structure of body parts

physiology

functions of body parts

how anatomy and physiology relate

function is dependent on how the part is constructed

cranial cavity contains

brain

vertebral canal contains

spinal cord

thoracic cavity contains

heart and lungs

abdominal cavity contains

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine

pelvic cavity contains

bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

sagittal plane

transverse plane

frontal plane

superior (anatomical position)

above another part

inferior (anatomical position)

below another part

anterior (anatomical position)

toward the front

posterior (anatomical position)

toward the back

medial (anatomical position)

closer to the midline

Lateral (anatomical position)

toward the side, away from midline

Proximal (anatomical position)

closer to point of attachment to the trunk or another referenced body part

distal (anatomical position)

further from point of attachment to trunk or another referenced body part

homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

3 components of homeostasis

receptor, control center, effector

receptor (homeostasis component)

monitors for change (nervous system and endocrine system)

control center (homeostasis component)

normal or range of normal values

effectors (homeostasis component)

muscles or glands that respond to the changes to return to stability

negative feedback

correcting a deviation from the normal set pointex. body temperature

positive feedback

moves a variable away from its set point for a short timeex. blood clotting, contractions during childbirth

4 types of tissue in the human body

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

epithelial tissue characteristics

Lacks blood vessels, cells readily divide, cells are tightly packed

epithelial tissue functions

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

simple cuboidal

secretionkidneys, pancreas, salivary glands

simple squamous

transport: exchange of gases and nutrientsfound in lungs and capillaries

stratified squamous

protectionfound in mouth, esophagus, skin

simple columnar

absorption and secretionciliated: lower respiratory tract and uterusnon-ciliated: digestive tract

stratified columnar

protection and secretionsome glands and male urethra

pseudostratified columnar

secretion of mucusupper respiratory tract

areolar loose ct

connects skin to muscle, found around organs

reticular loose ct

supports organsfound in liver and spleen

adipose loose ct

cushion, insulator, storage mediumbeneath skin, between muscles, around kidneys and behind eyeballs

tendon and ligaments dense ct

strong and flexibleattached to bones and muscles

cartilage ct

support, strength, flexibilityfound at the ends of bones, ears and larynx, intervertebral discs, knees, pelvic girdle

skeletal muscle

voluntary movement between bones

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

merocrine glands (most common)

exocytosis to secrete productsserous- produce watery fluidmucous- produce thicker, protective substanceex. pancreas, salivary and sweat glands

apocrine glands

pinch off a portion of their cell bodies during secretionex. mammary glands

holocrine glands

glands that release entire cellsex. sebaceous (oil) glands in skin

collagen fibers

provides flexibility and strength

elastic fibers

stretch and snap back to their original length

reticular fibers

lend delicate support

types of connective tissue

loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood

3 tissue layers of the skin

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

what makes up the epidermis

stratified squamous epithelium

what makes up the dermis layer

areolar connective tissue

what makes up the subcutaneous layer

mostly adipose tissue

keratinization

the process by which newly formed cells in the hair bulb mature, fill with keratin, move upward, lose their nucleus, and die.

melanocytes

produce melaninprotects dna from mutation due to UV radiation from sun

arrector pili muscle

causes hair to stand on end and goose bumps to appear

hair shaft

visible part of the hair

hair roots

anchor the hair to the body

hair follicles

sudoriferous glands

sweat glands

sebaceous glands

oil glands

melanocytes found

between or beneath cells of stratum basale

merocrine sweat glands

respond to body temperature, more abundant, found on forehead, neck and back

apocrine sweat glands

active at puberty, respond to emotion, in armpit and groin, produce odor

axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton

hyoid bone

humerus

ulna

radius

carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

thoracic cage

Clavicle

sternum

ribs

vertebral column

atlas

axis

pelvic girdle

hip (coxal) bones

sacrum

coccyx

femur

tibia

fibula

tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

5 categories of bones based on shape

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

compact bone

tightly packed tissue, continuous ECM

spongy bone

consists of branching plates called trabeculae, somewhat flexible, nutrients diffuse through canaliculi

osteoblasts

bone forming cells (hint: blasts -> building)

osteoclasts

bone-destroying cells (hint: clasts -> crushing)

bone functions

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

epiphyseal plate

growth plate

Sternocleidomastoid

pectoralis major

trapezius

deltoid

biceps brachii